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Barricades and Local-Level Ethnicization Barricades and Local-Level Ethnicization
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Wartime Dividing Lines and the Formation of Amoral Communities Wartime Dividing Lines and the Formation of Amoral Communities
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Cite
Abstract
This chapter assesses the second mechanism that triggers the formation of amoral communities: the production of borders. When moderates are excluded through social ostracism, threats, violence, or in-group policing, it becomes easier for political leaders to divide people who previously lived peacefully in their communities. When the exclusion of moderates is accompanied by the production of physical borders, or the setting up of barricades, checkpoints, and, eventually, wartime dividing lines, then the conditions for the formation of amoral communities are created. In those communities, physical borders force individuals to choose one of the sides, and the population is both divided and policed accordingly. In the communities in which these processes of creating new political identities—which are ethnically or culturally defined—are set in motion, the military and political leaders gain greater control of the civilian population by limiting their political options, artificially reducing ambiguity in the identification of potential members of the out-group, and preventing in-group defection. Given that in amoral communities individuals' freedom to express or act on the basis of their personal views becomes extremely limited, especially if those views do not fit into the new social ordering, favorable conditions for targeted violence against civilians are created.
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