
Contents
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Universalism and Its Theorists Universalism and Its Theorists
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Clement of Alexandria and Salvation in Hades Clement of Alexandria and Salvation in Hades
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Origen and the Personal Fire Origen and the Personal Fire
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Gregory of Nyssa and Macrina: Divine Attraction Annihilates Evil Gregory of Nyssa and Macrina: Divine Attraction Annihilates Evil
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The Open Hades The Open Hades
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Sleep in the Faith: Pseudo-John of Damascus Sleep in the Faith: Pseudo-John of Damascus
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Theophylact of Ochrid and Divine Restraint Theophylact of Ochrid and Divine Restraint
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Against Universalism Against Universalism
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Hell as a Comfort to Martyrs Hell as a Comfort to Martyrs
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Chrysostom’s Letter to Theodore: Hell Fights the Flesh Chrysostom’s Letter to Theodore: Hell Fights the Flesh
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The Vitae Patrum: Folklore in the Service of Faith The Vitae Patrum: Folklore in the Service of Faith
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1. Macarius and the Skull 1. Macarius and the Skull
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2. Wrongs “There,” PAINS “Here,” Say the Devils 2. Wrongs “There,” PAINS “Here,” Say the Devils
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3. The Licentious Mother 3. The Licentious Mother
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Justinian Condemns Origenism Twice Justinian Condemns Origenism Twice
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The Decline of Universalism after Justinian The Decline of Universalism after Justinian
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John of Damascus and the Eternal Hell John of Damascus and the Eternal Hell
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The Apocalypse of Mary: Who Obtains Relief? The Apocalypse of Mary: Who Obtains Relief?
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Theodoret of Cyrrhus: A Mystical Transcendence Theodoret of Cyrrhus: A Mystical Transcendence
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Political Theology of Hell in Byzantium Political Theology of Hell in Byzantium
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Clemency Granted and Withheld Clemency Granted and Withheld
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8 Byzantine Universalism: The Path Not Taken
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Published:June 2017
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Abstract
This chapter explores byzantine universalism. Byzantium’s universalist theologians devised a Christian system in which all postmortem punishment might be temporary. However, emperors deliberately assimilated their own sovereignty to God’s and assumed, as a vital corollary, the possibility of absolute sanctions: to pardon, but also to kill. Universalism did not exempt sinners from punishment all in one stroke. It involved a struggle to recover the divine image in the soul. These concurrent efforts to deal with less than absolute guilt, pardonable offenses committed by those who can benefit from mercy and correction, developed side by side with a theology that insisted—with imperial support—that complete sovereignty demands the power to punish with finality, the power to punish absolutely—that is, hell.
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