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Chapter three examines the role of Ayatollah Sistani as an informal political actor in Iraqi politics. Although Sistani operated with vigor alongside the formal state structure, he walked fine line. At times he delivered opinions that compelled him to intervene in the political process. But his influence would have self-imposed limits: He and the other grand ayatollahs were committed to serve as “guides only,” so as to avoid the Iranian model of government entirely. Sistani had wanted a civil state built on constitutional institutions, but he understood the need to step back and allow the political process to unfold. He retreated at particular junctures and allowed political factions to rise and fall, especially to allow the electorate to reflect which groups represented their “will,” as he stated. This chapter exposes the complexities of the new informal realm, which offers no blueprint for when and how the ayatollahs should intervene.
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