Volume 76, Issue 9, 1 May 2023

Unvaccinated adults hospitalized with COVID-19 with Delta infections had increased risk of requiring advanced respiratory support or dying within 28 days, compared with Omicron and ancestral lineages, which were similar. Vaccination lowered severe disease risk, with no Omicron versus Delta difference.

Approaches to reporting molecular antibacterial resistance test results from positive blood culture broths vary across clinical laboratories. Some current practices may undermine the value of the tests used. We provide recommendations for reporting identification and resistance from positive blood cultures.

Among persons testing for acute viral symptoms suggestive of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emergent/persistent symptoms at 3 months were common, reported by approximately half of coronavirus disease (COVID)+ participants and one-quarter of COVID− participants. Post-infectious syndromes were equally common in both groups at 3 months, highlighting the challenges in identifying symptoms specific for long COVID and the importance of longitudinal studies including comparison groups.

In this prospective survey-based study, the prevalence of post-COVID symptoms at 12 weeks was only slightly higher in outpatients with Omicron infection versus PCR-negative controls (11.7% vs 10.4%). Vaccination was associated with a lower prevalence of post-COVID symptoms.

Tuberculosis (TB) survivors have a higher risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) compared to the matched controls, even after adjusting for potential confounders, including behavior habits, income level, place of residence, body mass index, and comorbidities.

Mature Plasmodium falciparum parasites are rarely found in the peripheral blood because they are sequestered and attached to the endothelium. We demonstrated that intensive sequestration was associated with a delay in parasite clearance after artemisinin-based treatment, independent of artemisinin-resistant mutations

Clinic attendees in South Africa at high risk for tuberculosis (TB) living with human immunodeficiency virus, having close contact with a TB patient, or with a prior history of TB underwent universal sputum testing irrespective of the presence of TB symptoms. A high proportion (6%) had a positive test for TB.

In a multicenter study of 1099 hospitalized adults with complicated urinary tract infections and associated bacteremia, 7 days of antibiotics was sufficient for patients who remained on intravenous antibiotics or were transitioned to highly bioavailable oral agents.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination coverage is lower in communities with greater social vulnerability, but we found little difference in estimates of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended COVID-19 between groups based on social vulnerability.

In 2018–2021, it was unlikely that newly diagnosed people with human immunodeficiency virus in MeditRes countries would present with baseline resistance to a first-line regimen based on second-generation integrase inhibitors, supporting their safe use for test-and-treat strategies.

In a population-representative sample, we observed a very high burden of long COVID and an estimated 7.3% of US adults (∼18 million adults) had symptoms of long COVID during the 2-week study period ending 2 July 2022.

Cabotegravir+rilpivirine long-acting dosed every 8 weeks continued to be noninferior to every-4-week dosing over 152 weeks, with comparable safety profiles and no new safety signals since week 96. These data demonstrate durability of virologic suppression with cabotegravir+rilpivirine long-acting for nearly 3 years.

At current World Health Organization–recommended doses, clinical outcomes in children are 82% favorable. Rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol exposures are lower in children than in adults. Children <6 years old and those with human immunodeficiency virus infection are also systematically underexposed to rifampicin.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) self-testing is used to increase the proportion of people knowing their status. No company has applied for FDA clearance in a decade. We highlight potential benefits of reclassifying HIV self-tests from class III to class II.

Home self-tests represent 1 choice for accessing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, and more self-test options would help. Only with a multipronged approach and a status-neutral framework might home HIV self-tests shift from “good news” to “game changer.”

Cumulative evidence has seeded the idea that the CD4/CD8 ratio could help monitor HIV. However, knowledge gaps exist. Here, we critically review the literature and discuss the role of the CD4/CD8 ratio in the follow-up of persons with HIV.