Volume 66, Issue 11, 1 June 2018

Antibiotic nonsusceptibility was consistently associated with higher risks of recurrent bacteremia, but the estimated number of additional recurrent episodes in the Netherlands (40 per year) was rather limited.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was associated with respiratory illness during pregnancy and postpartum in women. Vaccination during pregnancy against RSV could benefit the mother, primarily against nonfebrile illness, and her infant.

Pooled results from 21 studies involving more than 19 000 human immunodeficiency virus–exposed but uninfected children show that an estimated two-thirds of infant deaths are attributable to lack of antiretroviral treatment for mothers, low birth weight, never being breastfed, and mother’s death.

T2Candida, a nanodiagnostic panel that detects Candida directly within whole blood, was 89% sensitive for diagnosing candidemia at the time of positive blood cultures. In patients who received antifungal therapy, T2Candida identified bloodstream infections that were missed by blood cultures.

Dolutegravir plus lamivudine was virologically effective and safe in treatment-naive individuals with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA up to 500 000 copies/mL. A participant who experienced failure developed the M184V lamivudine and the R263R/K integrase resistance mutations.

This randomized trial demonstrates superior immunogenicity of high-dose influenza vaccine compared to standard-dose trivalent vaccine in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. High doses of mycophenolate were associated with reduced immunogenicity.

A total of 137 patients were contacted after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. At median 22 months follow-up, 82% were free of C. difficile recurrence and 95% would undergo FMT if they had recurrent C. difficile.

Daily PrEP dosing recommendations led to a greater likelihood of protective drug concentrations in the Harlem cohort of men and transgender women who have sex with men, while daily and nondaily regimens led to comparably favorable outcomes in Bangkok.

We examined whether more granular data improved insights into county-level HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) outbreak vulnerability in Tennessee relative to recent national models. Sixteen counties unranked in prior analyses were identified as vulnerable. Importantly, opioid prescribing patterns significantly influenced increased risk for HIV/HCV.

This study provided the serologic, genomic, and geospatial investigation of an iatrogenic outbreak that was recognized in rural Cambodia in 2014–2015, showing a massive and spatially localized outbreak of HIV, associated with HCV infections, but a lack of HBV diffusion.

Treatment of hepatitis C virus with the new direct-acting antivirals in patients with minimal or no hepatic fibrosis provides not only high rates of cure but also significant improvement in patient-reported outcomes (quality of life, fatigue, and work productivity).

In rafters to the Omo River, Ethiopia, atovaquone-proguanil provides causal (liver-schizont stage) prophylaxis for Plasmodium vivax but is ineffective against late, hypnozoite-reactivation-related attacks. Primaquine is the chemoprophylaxis agent of choice in areas where Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax co-circulate.

A multistate outbreak of Salmonella Agona was investigated in 2011. Through the combined use of interviews to identify suspect food vehicles, traceback, and novel techniques for analyzing distribution records, papayas from Mexico were identified as the source of the outbreak.

Cerebral small-vessel disease was detected in 52% of middle-aged HIV-infected individuals with long-term viral suppression and 36% of frequency age- and sex-matched uninfected controls, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.5–3.6).

More than 10% of previously untreated HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants had clinically significant antiretroviral drug-associated resistance mutations. Drug-related mutations did not appear to increase the risk of HIV transmission, but were transmitted to infants.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 randomized to loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) had higher mean cervical HIV RNA at 2 and 3 weeks after intervention compared to women treated with cryotherapy. Cervical HIV shedding after LEEP occurred both on and off antiretroviral therapy.

Our study shows that HIV-1 group O infection could have a milder natural evolution relative to HIV-1 group M, and that its current therapeutic management (excluding use of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor–based regimens), is highly efficient despite the genetic divergence of group O variants.

A booster-dose influenza vaccination strategy could improve immunogenicity in transplant recipients. Injection site reactions were more commonly observed in transplant recipients who received alternative influenza vaccination strategies.