This image, titled "Le Bienfaits de la Petite Verole," or "The Benefits of Smallpox," is a French caricature from about 1804. Disputes about smallpox vaccination emerged as soon as the practice became common in England and European countries. Napoleon introduced smallpox vaccination in training camps for French soldiers in 1804 and ordered that all French citizens should be vaccinated in 1806. Mandatory immunization led to further debate in the popular press about the safety and effectiveness of the Jenner vaccine. This color engraving belongs to the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France. (Ann Arvin, Cover Art Editor)