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Robert K. Heaton, Donald R. Franklin, Reena Deutsch, Scott Letendre, Ronald J. Ellis, Kaitlin Casaletto, Maria J. Marquine, Steven P. Woods, Florin Vaida, J. Hampton Atkinson, Thomas D. Marcotte, J. Allen McCutchan, Ann C. Collier, Christina M. Marra, David B. Clifford, Benjamin B. Gelman, Ned Sacktor, Susan Morgello, David M. Simpson, Ian Abramson, Anthony C. Gamst, Christine Fennema-Notestine, David M. Smith, Igor Grant, Igor Grant, J. Allen McCutchan, Ronald J. Ellis, Thomas D. Marcotte, Donald Franklin, Ronald J. Ellis, J. Allen McCutchan, Terry Alexander, Scott Letendre, Edmund Capparelli, Robert K. Heaton, J. Hampton Atkinson, Steven Paul Woods, Matthew Dawson, David M. Smith, Christine Fennema-Notestine, Michael J. Taylor, Rebecca Theilmann, Anthony C. Gamst, Clint Cushman, Ian Abramson, Florin Vaida, Thomas D. Marcotte, Jennifer Marquie-Beck, Justin McArthur, Vincent Rogalski, Susan Morgello, David Simpson, Letty Mintz, J. Allen McCutchan, Will Toperoff, Ann Collier, Christina Marra, Trudy Jones, Benjamin Gelman, Eleanor Head, David Clifford, Muhammad Al-Lozi, Mengesha Teshome, for the CHARTER Group, Neurocognitive Change in the Era of HIV Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: The Longitudinal CHARTER Study, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 60, Issue 3, 1 February 2015, Pages 473–480, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu862
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Abstract
Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) can show variable clinical trajectories. Previous longitudinal studies of HAND typically have been brief, did not use adequate normative standards, or were conducted in the context of a clinical trial, thereby limiting our understanding of incident neurocognitive (NC) decline and recovery.
Methods. We investigated the incidence and predictors of NC change over 16–72 (mean, 35) months in 436 HIV-infected participants in the CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy Effects Research cohort. Comprehensive laboratory, neuromedical, and NC assessments were obtained every 6 months. Published, regression-based norms for NC change were used to generate overall change status (decline vs stable vs improved) at each study visit. Survival analysis was used to examine the predictors of time to NC change.
Results. Ninety-nine participants (22.7%) declined, 265 (60.8%) remained stable, and 72 (16.5%) improved. In multivariable analyses, predictors of NC improvements or declines included time-dependent treatment status and indicators of disease severity (current hematocrit, albumin, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase), and baseline demographics and estimated premorbid intelligence quotient, non-HIV-related comorbidities, current depressive symptoms, and lifetime psychiatric diagnoses (overall model P < .0001).
Conclusions. NC change is common in HIV infection and appears to be driven by a complex set of risk factors involving HIV disease, its treatment, and comorbid conditions.
