... modernist techniques explore the shadow lands of inner and outer worlds, the indeterminate zones between private and public experience. Joyce's use of free indirect style ensures there is always another voice, as if the mind is not in control of its own boundaries. The ghost is not a projection of inner...

... of free indirect style brings narrative into dialogue not only with inner life (as in the metropolitan center), but also with the dialect of the tribe, the idioms of an excluded culture. Though Joyce's modernist innovations are often attributed to his European exile, his vernacular modernism is also...

... innovative technique is the idiomatic cast given to free indirect style, which is less concerned with stream of consciousness than the “dialect of the tribe,” the inner speech of a culture in crisis. Ireland thus achieves articulation not only as subject matter or content but also as form...