...This chapter discusses the problem of authority in entrepreneurial alchemy in the Holy Roman Empire. It explains that the battle for alchemical authority was waged on many fronts and with many agendas and results, and that at the center of the battle were always the Betrugers...

...This chapter gives an outline about the obstinately truthful Byzantine society, which is a model of the culture of antiquity. Its fondness did suffer blows from the economic, social, and political crises affecting the Roman Empire which resulted in the punishment of the Pagan-oriented renaissances...

... to preserve the classical heritage. The political context of the time is the fracturing of the West following the collapse of the Roman Empire. Yet this time is unfairly characterised as the ‘dark ages’. Christianity was in the ascendant, and there was a flowering of national histories of various Germanic...

... and Lorenzo Valla. The chapter then moves to a discussion of the crowning of Charlemagne, and the practices of political ritual and naming that accompanied it. A range of works are analysed to show what precisely was being established: a new Roman Empire, a political form of Christendom, or more simply...

...This chapter explores how inhabitants of the Roman Empire used maps (if at all), constructed “mental maps” of it, and oriented their worldview. Drawing on a wide range of texts from Roman antiquity (in Greek and Latin), it examines signs of mapmaking and map consciousness as well as evidence of its...

...What distinguished the true alchemist from the fraud? This question animated the lives and labors of the common men—and occasionally women—who made a living as alchemists in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Holy Roman Empire. As purveyors of practical techniques, inventions, and cures...

...In his celebrated History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon characterizes himself as a “philosophic historian.” The book is an account of relentless decay and decline, interrupted only by delusions of recovery. Yet it is more of an astonishing re-creation...

... with different confessions to Catholicism produced a political as well as religious fracturing within the Holy Roman Empire. Some of these issues are worked through in the writings of Jean Bodin and Giovanni Botero; the former known for his discussions of sovereignty and the latter for the notion of reason...

... of the Gregorian calendar throughout the Holy Roman Empire. Kepler highlighted impartiality as a view from everywhere, one that implied tolerance. He used a dialogue he wrote on the question of calendar reform in order both to suggest the manner in which the fissures in Christendom could be repaired, and also...

...In the aftermath of sixth-century barbarian invasions, the legal profession that had grown and flourished during the Roman Empire vanished. Nonetheless, professional lawyers suddenly reappeared in Western Europe 700 years later during the 1230s, when church councils and public authorities began...

..., and in the midst of the heated court politics of the Holy Roman Empire. Harmony, in all cases, guided Kepler's efforts, and The Pursuit of Harmony charts the metaphysics that underpinned those efforts and the various theological, rhetorical, and mathematical strategies that Kepler employed in order to further them...

... Empire. Additionally, it is about how the world changed knowledge. Carl Alexander Duke of Württemberg Holy Roman Empire Kammer the Machiavel Maria Oppenheimer Joseph Süss Stuttgart Württemberg Brühl Count Heinrich von cameral sciences corruption Günther Wolfgang Hessen Kassel officials bad...

...This chapter focuses on the elucidation of myth that was developed during the Roman Empire since the Platonic philosophers believed that Plato was inspired by Pythagoras. These philosophers tried to bring forth a level of reality in a philosophical truth that in some ways revealed truth...

...This chapter offers an economic theory illustrated with historical discussion underlying the adoption of Christianity by the late Roman Empire. It suggests that efficiency considerations (which include rent seeking and cost savings) led the Roman state to at first adopt and then cartelize...

... cartography in the Arab world Dilke O A W Frontinius Thebes autochthony Siculus Flaccus familial relations Johannes Althusius Hadrian Piganiol André Trajan Luttwak Edward N Ammianus Marcellinus technology Giovanni Botero Roman Republic Roman Empire Julius Caesar Cicero Tacitus imperium limes...

... and the rights of war and peace. Justinian attempts to recapture Western Roman Empire Tribonian Jerome Mousourakis George place agora power John Agnew Ullmann Walter Evans J A S Grotius Hugo Irnerius land Alfred the Great Vitoria Francisco de Aquinas Thomas Aegidius Romanus Baldus de Ubaldis...

... Organization. It also discusses related projects like the World Land Use Survey, the World Population Map, the Carte Internationale du Tapis Végétal, the International Map of the Roman Empire, and map-design research by the US military. The overall trajectory connects the decline of the IMW...

... alleged geographical center. Biondo Flavio Italia illustrata Celtis Conrad chorography cosmography elegy Europe Geography Ptolemy Germany hexameral literature Holy Roman Empire humanism merchants Nuremberg printing technology Ptolemy Quatuor Libri Amorum secundum Quatuor Latera Germanie...

... faded away with it. The eclipse of the Roman legal system and profession resulted from a series of events usually called “the fall of the Roman empire.” The eastern half of the empire remained reasonably intact throughout the early Middle Ages and indeed for nearly a millennium thereafter. Although...