... that the mechanical philosophy, as formulated by Robert Boyle, was itself the capstone to a preexisting tradition employing alchemy to recast scholastic theories of mixture, an attempt at reform whose roots extended well into the Middle Ages. Nor do we find a common awareness of the fact that Boyle's most significant...

...Nature is a mighty figure. At least this is how theologians, philosophers, and poets presented Her in the wake of Greek philosophy and its resonance in Christian theology of the Middle Ages. According to the twelfth-century theologian Alain de Lille, Nature acts as God's representative (Dei...

... national exemplars. The Middle Ages was able to provide a site for cultural nationalism and a distinctive individual identity to a European metropolis. This culturalist turn to “one's own” national identity vis-à-vis a pan-European identity was associated at the time with an intra-European counter...

... and participated in different communities, and they expressed their ideas in sharply contrasting forms. Nonetheless certain continuities characterize Renaissance natural history, and at the same time demarcated it from the natural history of antiquity and the Middle Ages on the one hand, and the later seventeenth...

... A J de Franks by gone kingdoms of the geography from 1700 Germany Goths Hase J M Islam Middle Ages medieval selective abbreviated to 9th century only Mongols Spain Vaugondy Robert de G and D Alexander the Great map subject atlases and maps “Ancient Atlas Classical and Sacred ” Clovis king...

... in which, for example, Scandinavian or Moroccan happenings compete for attention with Chinese or Mongolian ones. Alting M Delisle G Middle Ages medieval selective abbreviated to 9th century only Netherlands Low countries Barbarian invasions d'Anville Empire London Louis XV king of France Nuremberg...

... Husband Oton de Grandson Ajax Adam David Ovid Samson Solomon Nature Meun Jean de Louis Duke of Orléans Orléans Duke of Reason Achilles Alan of Lille Caulier Achille Chartier Alain Priam Venus Abelard Peter Christine de Pizan Middle Ages Romance of the Rose City of Ladies...

...Universities were indispensable for the development of the legal profession during the Middle Ages. The university became the mother of professions in the strict sense of the term. Securing a proper legal education was a formidable task. Walter of Châtillon compared it to scaling a lofty mountain...

... popular image of the High Middle Ages—castles and knights—is actually helpful. Studying the economics of castles and warfare can also tell us a lot about the time. This chapter examines the concept of opportunity cost with respect to castle-based warfare during the High Middle Ages. It presents...

...This chapter introduces the notion of the pharmacy of noblewomen. It explains the curing effects in courts and discusses the emergence of medical empiricism. It explains how cures caused by noblewomen had been widely recognized within the locals since the Middle Ages. This chapter also discusses...

... that the way we approach this dilemma can significantly affect both the harm we suffer and the suffering we inflict, a group of contributors engages in the debate with this series of essays. Drawing on Western conceptions of evil from the Middle Ages to the present, these pieces demonstrate that, while it may...

...This chapter analyzes the issues of fear of imminence and virtual ethics in relation to two incidents of rape in the Middle Ages connected to the theater. These are the 1395 gang-rape of a woman by a group of men who spent the night on the scaffolding erected for the following day's theatrical...

...This chapter provides a description about the Western Middle Ages that went through changes under the influence of various interpretations and currents of thought that made their survival possible. During the course of the Middle Ages Greco-Roman mythology survived on several levels, especially...

... Middle Ages. It also examines the connections between solitary reading and the actual theatrical practices of the medieval stage by placing Additional 37049 within a range of dramatic manuscripts designed for private consumption. Alford John Ashmole Fragment Cambridge Prologue Croxton Play...

... manifestation of an extreme form of philosophical nominalism that treats these same abstractions as mere rhetoric, with no connection to any external reality. Machines of the Mind demonstrates that neither of these positions were considered viable during the Middle Ages. Instead, it finds that medieval...

... of development and continuity but also with an overview of some of the most important trajectories that reflections about ruins have taken since the Middle Ages. On the other, the pairings of works forcefully assert an anachronistic point of view. They suggest moments of kindred thinking that are related...

... ‘original’) and saw translation as a process (not a product or object). Fixers and translation as organizing principles go against the notion that Burgundy embodied ‘the waning of the Middle Ages’: Burgundy was waning only if measured against modern notions of state centralization, nation-states, authorship...

... of meaning making, and unearths some of the temporal complexities in European cultures, languages, genres, and periods. The individual chapters dialogically pair ruin-related texts and authors from the High Middle Ages to the early modern period and the turn of the twentieth century; the epilogue offers...

...In 1401, Christine de Pizan (1365–1430?), one of the most renowned and prolific woman writers of the Middle Ages, wrote a letter to the provost of Lille criticizing the highly popular and widely read Romance of the Rose for its blatant and unwarranted misogynistic depictions...

...In the West, monastic ideals and scholastic pursuits are complementary; monks are popularly imagined copying classics, preserving learning through the Middle Ages, and establishing the first universities. But this dual identity is not without its contradictions. While monasticism emphasizes...