... of colonialism and modernism which formed the conditions under which artists like Onabolu and Enwonwu made their careers. The chapter then shifts to the First International Congress of Black Writers and Artists in 1956 in Paris and the First World Festival of Black Arts a decade later in Dakar as powerful...

...—and the questions it raises about migration, citizenship, and governance in contemporary Dakar—within both urban space and historical context, this chapter argues that urbanites’ preoccupations with mobility and embouteillage are at once enduring and newly urgent. The remainder of the chapter touches down at key...