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Issues
JEL

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A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists

A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General

C18 - Methodological Issues: General

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions

C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes

C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C5 - Econometric Modeling

C50 - General

C51 - Model Construction and Estimation

C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling

C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis

C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data; Data Access

C88 - Other Computer Software

C9 - Design of Experiments

C99 - Other

D - Microeconomics

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis

D2 - Production and Organizations

D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design

D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E1 - General Aggregative Models

E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy

E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth

E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy

E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

E30 - General

E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation

E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems

E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects

E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy

E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

E50 - General

E52 - Monetary Policy

E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies

E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

E60 - General

E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination

E62 - Fiscal Policy

F - International Economics

F1 - Trade

F10 - General

F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations

F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade

F15 - Economic Integration

F18 - Trade and Environment

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

F22 - International Migration

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

F3 - International Finance

F31 - Foreign Exchange

F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements

F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions

F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems

F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics

F45 - Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions

F47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations

F55 - International Institutional Arrangements

F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization

F68 - Policy

G - Financial Economics

G0 - General

G01 - Financial Crises

G1 - General Financial Markets

G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

H - Public Economics

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H10 - General

H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

H12 - Crisis Management

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H20 - General

H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation

H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies

H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance

H27 - Other Sources of Revenue

H29 - Other

H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

H30 - General

H32 - Firm

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H51 - Government Expenditures and Health

H56 - National Security and War

H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt

H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions

H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories

H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits

H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I1 - Health

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I2 - Education and Research Institutions

I20 - General

I21 - Analysis of Education

I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions

I26 - Returns to Education

I28 - Government Policy

I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

I31 - General Welfare

J - Labor and Demographic Economics

J0 - General

J08 - Labor Economics Policies

J1 - Demographic Economics

J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts

J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth

J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination

J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor

J23 - Labor Demand

J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies

J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy

J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods

J38 - Public Policy

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J44 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing

J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search

J68 - Public Policy

J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

J81 - Working Conditions

K - Law and Economics

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K34 - Tax Law

K37 - Immigration Law

K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

L - Industrial Organization

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship

L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L50 - General

L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

L60 - General

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce

L85 - Real Estate Services

L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

M5 - Personnel Economics

M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects

N - Economic History

N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations

N10 - General, International, or Comparative

N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

N73 - Europe: Pre-1913

N74 - Europe: 1913-

O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O10 - General

O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products

O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

O2 - Development Planning and Policy

O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy

O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

O38 - Government Policy

O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

O40 - General

P - Economic Systems

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P16 - Political Economy

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts

Q4 - Energy

Q40 - General

Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources

Q5 - Environmental Economics

Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming

Q55 - Technological Innovation

R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

R1 - General Regional Economics

R10 - General

R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity

R14 - Land Use Patterns

R2 - Household Analysis

R21 - Housing Demand

R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics

R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location

R31 - Housing Supply and Markets

R4 - Transportation Economics

R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise

R5 - Regional Government Analysis

R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations

Y - Miscellaneous Categories

Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts

Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts

Z - Other Special Topics

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z18 - Public Policy

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Journal Article

Best Education Money Can Buy? Capitalization of School Quality in Finland Get access

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Oskari Harjunen and others

CESifo Economic Studies, Volume 64, Issue 2, June 2018, Pages 150–175, https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifx025

Published: 23 January 2018

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