Volume 217, Issue 2, August 2024

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells are key to the analysis of human immunophenotypes but require isolation from whole blood shortly after collection. For multisite clinical trials, this can be logistically complex. We analyzed the impacts of delays of up to 7 days on immunophenotyping by CyTOF and created a decision tree on the usability of samples given a known delay to processing.

The differentiation model of NK-like CD8 T cells. The natural killer-associated receptors expressed on NK-like CD8 T cells. Summary of previous studies evaluating the role of NK-like CD8 T cells in diseases.

This review summarizes recent knowledge on NK cell receptor alterations mediated by viral infections, along with the mechanisms responsible for this modulation. We present recently discovered SARS-CoV-2-mediated modulation of NK cell receptor expression and compare them with other human viral infections.

Targeting of ABCs/DN, in mice models of autoimmunity and/or humans suffering from autoimmune disorders, leads to diminished levels of T-bet expression in B cells and thus improves the general health status of the subjects.

Pediatric rheumatic patients may be vulnerable to COVID-19 infections due to their disease and immunosuppressive medications. Compared with healthy controls, pediatric patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases demonstrated similar cellular responses and COVID-19 breakthrough infection rates, but reduced humoral responses. These findings may support the importance of the cellular response in protecting against COVID-19 infections.

Peri-implantitis (PI) and periodontitis (PD) are common oral inflammatory diseases. Here we explored the immune cell composition and the corresponding inflammatory profile in soft tissues and crevicular fluid of PI and PD lesions. We found an incremental increase in the proportion of B cells from non-diseased to PI tissues, as well as an enhanced inflammatory profile in PI.

Patients with Takayasu arteritis present reduced CD4 + T cells and a predominance of Th17 cells compared to controls in the peripheral blood. Disease duration was correlated with Th2 and Th17 cells. In the aorta, CD8 prevailed over CD4, whereas GATA-3, Tbat, and ROR-gamma T were expressed in this order of frequency.

Cerebral aneurysm (CA) represents a significant clinical challenge, characterized by pathological dilation of cerebral arteries. Recent evidence underscores the crucial involvement of immune cells in CA pathogenesis. This study underscores the pivotal role of immune cells in this process through the integration of single-cell transcriptomics with MR analysis, offering a comprehensive perspective on CA pathogenesis, and potentially guiding future therapeutic strategies targeting specific immune pathways.

Lipid metabolism was dysregulated in CD4 + T cells and serum from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis compared to healthy controls, characterized by differential regulation of genes involved in cellular lipid uptake and lipid biosynthesis, altered T-cell plasma membrane lipid profiles and changes in serum lipoprotein expression. Alterations in T-cell plasma membrane lipids (lipid rafts) could be partially recapitulated in healthy T cells by in vitro culture with T-cell receptor stimulation in the presence of serum from RRMS patients. Conversely, co-stimulation of RRMS T cells with a liver X receptor (LXR)-agonist (a nuclear receptor important for lipid homeostasis), normalized membrane cholesterol levels, and reduced proliferation and IL17 cytokine production, suggesting that defects in LXR-mediated lipid metabolism pathways could contribute to RRMS pathogenesis.