...The church historian Sozomen believed that those who had emulated the monks of Egypt in the practice of philosophy by scraping a raw existence off the mountains, near the Persian frontier, were the first monks of Syria. They had no homes, did not eat bread and meat, and drank no wine. These monks...

...Pilgrimage in late antiquity was prevalent in all strata of society in the Christian world, particularly among monks and nuns. The monastic literature of fourth-century Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Asia Minor abounds in descriptions of monks who journeyed to the holy places in Palestine. Pilgrimage...

... mutasarrifiyya education literacy Mount Lebanon railways Syria Beirut Daud Pasha Egypt Kisrawan Matn peasants Règlement Organique fondamental relatif à l’administration du Mont Liban 1861 Arslan shaykhs Druzes France Hawran Jizzin Jumblatt shaykhs Maronites Patriarchate Maronite Shihabi...

...This chapter covers World War I and the subsequent developments that ultimately led to the establishment of a Lebanese state. It argues that this outcome was not predetermined and that members of the elite continued to waver between a Greater Lebanon and a Greater Syria until the eleventh hour...

...This book has explored how non-rabbinic and even non-Jewish traditions from the eastern Roman provinces, as well as traditions from and information concerning Christian and pagan cultures east of Syria, were incorporated into the Bavli during the fourth century. By analyzing various texts, it has...

...This chapter studies a Middle Eastern state that tries to construct the “local” as a national community which is slightly outside the reach of global capital. It shows that Baathist Syria has had mixed results in its efforts to preserve a distinctively Syrian identity, despite the fact that Syria...

...This introductory chapter discusses the significance of the remaking of Palestine as an autonomous geographic entity within greater Syria and the Ottoman Arab provinces. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Filistin was not a separate administrative unit within the Ottoman sultanate...

...This chapter examines the evolution of Filistin as a region, as well as the various usages of the term Filistin in late Ottoman cartography and ethnography of Syria. Beginning with the sixteenth century, and possibly earlier, the term Filistin was systematically...

...This chapter focuses on the United Nations's intervention in Syria since early 2011, with particular emphasis on its efforts to address the civil war's international security dimensions, to respond to the urgent humanitarian needs of the civilian population, and to create a political framework...

... in the region. It also evaluates the initial response to the Syrian refugees (beginning in 2011), reflecting on the limitations of humanitarian action in the face of mass displacement and in the absence of political solutions. displacement Iraq Oil for Food OFF program sanctions Syria United Nations High...

...This authoritative and sweeping compendium, the second volume in an organized survey of the Greek settlements founded or refounded in the Hellenistic period, provides historical narratives, detailed references, citations, and commentaries on all the settlements in Syria, The Red Sea Basin...

... and part of the emerging but never fully realized cultural unity forming during this period in Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, and western Persia. It recognizes that the Bavli contains remarkable diversity, incorporating motifs derived from the cultures of contemporaneous religious and social groups....

...This chapter discusses Muhammad Kurd Ali's leadership of a large number of journalists, preachers, poets, and writers from Syria and Palestine who were mobilized in support of the war effort in the Dardanelles. The two compendiums produced for this event (covering the Anatolian and the Hijazi...

... describes the territorial disputes of the Zionists of Israel with the neighbouring territories of Lebanon, Syria and Gaza. Alexandria Egypt Arabs Balfour Arthur James Balfour Declaration Cairo Gaza Strip Haifa Jerusalem Middle East mosques Aqsa Jerusalem Palestine Rothschild Baron Edmund de Tel...

... educational, medical, social and relief, microfinance, and camp upgrading services to the “Palestine refugees” in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. The chapter first considers the dynamics behind the creation and the evolution of UNRWA's mandate in terms of institutional...

... of humanitarian assistance in Syria. Iraq Jordan Lebanon Médecins Sans Frontières MSF Palestinian refugees Syria Turkey nongovernmental organizations NGOs France International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC neutrality Palestine Red Crescent United Arab Emirates UAE United Nations Charter Khouri...

...Among the regions to which the Greek language spread, only in Egypt and parts of Syria is there extensive evidence for pre-Greek divine naming as practised when Greek arrived; but a broad background can be recovered by looking at forms of naming found in earlier texts. After presenting...

...This chapter looks at the construction of refugee camps, enclaves, and settlements for displaced “minorities” in Syria and Iraq during the interwar period. It argues that this refugee regime spawned a new category of non-Arab, non-Muslim communities who were permanent fixtures in Iraq and Syria...