.... Forbes studied marine life before and after a Mediterranean expedition. Gosse was more of an amateur, but his books attracted many to marine biology. The phytogeographer Watson became an evolutionist and studied changes of species in different parts of their ranges. Darwin's voyage provided as many...

...Darwin's Journal of Researches,coral reef book, and barnacle books contain significant ecological observations, but his revolutionary On the Origin of Speciesis a landmark ecological work. These and later books made him an important founder of ecology. His...

...This chapter details Newcomb's exposure to the ideas of Auguste Comte, Charles Darwin, and John Stuart Mill. In the years bracketing 1860, many professors, ministers, and other illuminati in the Harvard community were opposed to Comte's positivism, Darwin's evolutionary principles, and Mill's...

...Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species discusses why species evolve to be distinct from parental forms, and how they have done so. Darwin's definition of species is simply that they do not interbreed or, in the case of “unisexual” organisms, that natural selection keeps them...

... Darwin first published On the Origin of Species, many of his critics seized on his methods just as fiercely as they did on his conclusions. This essay compares ID with natural selection, a theory that in fact broke new methodological ground in the past, to demonstrate that the exclusion...

...In which we examine the life of Charles Darwin from his birth in Shrewsbury, through his schooling at Edinburgh and Cambridge, the voyage of the Beagle, and the years leading up to and following his publication of the Origin of Species. Emphasis is placed on the teachers and authors who influenced...

... zoological garden Udagawa Yōan Ishikawa Chiyomatsu civilization and enlightenment social evolution Social Darwinism Charles Darwin Darwinism Herbert Spencer There is no document of civilization which is not at the same time a document of barbarism. —Walter Benjamin, On the Concept...

...This chapter pursues the debate over design from its origins in ancient Greek philosophy through the Enlightenment to Cuvier and Darwin, contrasts teleological views with those of the atomist or Epicurean school, and examines the prehistory of the principle of the conditions for existence itself...

... characters” and Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. There is also discussion of the Lunar Society and its members’ importance in the rise of industrial Britain, science, and the Darwin family fortune. Darwin Charles evolutionary theory Huxley Thomas natural selection attitudes about indigenous peoples...

... it, in 2009, in conjunction with the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin’s birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his most important book, On the Origin of Species, to conduct a massive project on what I call “reasonable religion.” It is through this project that we get...

...This introductory chapter provides an overview of the emergence of the study of giant kelp (Macrocystis) forests. In 1839, Charles Darwin published the first observations on the ecology of giant kelp forests, and made the first analogy between this community and terrestrial forests...

... of necessary traits all members possess. Charles Darwin and his successors held the generative conception of species, in which species are found to be populations without essences, but with common ancestry. Aristotle Cain Arthur J Huxley Julian Received View theory Santayana George Winsor Mary Pickard...

.... There followed attacks on every theory of human migration and development, such as that of paleo-Indians from Asia to North America; the theory of Indo-Aryan or Indo-European languages; the Stone–Bronze–Iron Age hypothesis; and, with growing intensity until his death in 1868, Darwin's theory of evolution...

...To explain biodiversity, Darwin proposed that organisms face recurring competition for scarce resources, and that such competition favors individuals least like their competitors. This evolutionary process is now known as “character displacement.” Character displacement is expected to produce...

... for British horticultural collectors and as a scientific arena that ultimately, via the activities of authorities such as Hans Sloane, Alexander Von Humboldt, and Charles Darwin, created a pivotal role for islands in studies of biogeography and evolution, and subsequently in the development of conservation...

... Bernhard Thomas Darwin Charles Mendel Gregor natural selection Origin of Species The Darwin 1859 Proust Marcel Diary of Cosima Wagner American Revolution liberal democracy Wagner–Nietzsche relationship Christianity Counter-Enlightenment Charles Darwin Enlightenment Johann Gottlieb Fichte...

..., decline, and ultimate revival of natural history within the realms of science and public discourse. The account is focused on the lives and contributions of an eclectic group of men and women, from John Ray, John Muir, Charles Darwin, and Rachel Carson, who endured remarkable hardships and privations...

... through the Middle Ages to fairly recent times, and considers the idea of species in natural history—a concept often connected to reproduction. Tracing “generative conceptions” of species back through Darwin to Epicurus, the text provides a new perspective on the relationship between philosophical...

...More than two centuries ago, William Paley introduced his famous metaphor of the universe as a watch made by the Creator. For him, the exquisite structure of the universe necessitated a designer. Today, some 150 years since Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published...

...This chapter discusses Cuvier's influence in Britain, in particular the way in which his views were perceived in the intellectual environment that provided the intellectual background to Darwin's theorizing. It first examines the implicit assumption underlying the use of the concept of “adaptedness...