... previously connected to the pre-Islamic Saracen image. Authors, such as John of Damascus, wrapped these rhetorical descriptions together into a neat package, defining the standard Christian understanding of Islam for centuries. This chapter also examines the transformations of the Sinai after the Muslim...

... of Damascus in 1860, primarily because such cases had little relevance to the events in Mount Lebanon, which, as an autonomous rural region, enjoyed its own specificities and its own cultural and historical trajectory. Lebanon and sectarianism Marx Karl nationalism Arab National Pact Règlement Organique...

... and perceptions coalesced into a discourse of an avowedly antimodern sectarianism. The chapter shows how this discourse, which grew out of and justified the terror of punishment, imposed by the Ottoman state in Damascus, masked a final restoration of an elitist social order in Mount Lebanon and marked the end...

... the original size of any given composition or the right order of its remaining fragments. This chapter describes the writing style of two compositions empirically. These two main literary genres are represented by the Temple Scroll, on the one hand, and by the legal part of the Damascus Document, on the other...