...’): the negation is true whenever the affirmation is false, and the affirmation is true whenever the negation is false. Thus, a corresponding affirmation and negation cannot both be true, by LNC, but neither can they both be false, by LEM. But while LNC applies both to contradictory and contrary oppositions, LEM...

... that, relative to affirmation, negation entails an extra processing stage, which makes it inherently slower and more complex. This view is implied in traditional (Russell 1948 ; Carpenter and Just 1975 ; Just and Carpenter 1971 ) as well as more recent models of negation (Hasson and Glucksberg 2006 ; Kaup et...