...-Communism, democracy, and the Free World blended, produced new forms of civil religious identities, and seemed to briefly challenge secularization processes. The chapter explores the mindset of political and religious leaders who supported the Billy Graham Crusades as well as the staging of events...

... or the employment of a sympathetic or sentimental narrative mood, but through the exploitation of the dynamics of repetition. Repetition is associated with societal failure and decline: the rise of the Islamic Empire, the Crusades, and the struggles of papal Rome all exemplify failed attempts to resurrect some...

... of Christendom to pray to God to beseech aid in prosecuting holy war. Every major crusading initiative after was supported by a program liturgical supplication. This was a devotional response. And it was part of a larger program of social reform and pastoral organization that sought to widen spiritual...

...This concluding chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some final thoughts. In seeking to explore the intersections between liturgy and crusading, this book offers several broader contributions. The first is to give greater texture to the premise that the crusades were...

...William of Tyre’s Latin history of the first crusade, the Historia rebus in partibus transmarinis gestarum, was first written in the late twelfth century and then swiftly translated into Old French within a generation of the author’s death. The French-language translation, called...

...This chapter introduces vocabulary in the Palestine that the crusaders found in 1099. It points out special words for a settlement whose population had fled, the gastina or khirbet, meaning a deserted village. It also relates gastina or khirbet to some of the traditional views of the crusades...

...This book examines crusading as a family affair during the high Middle Ages. It suggests that the support of the medieval nobility for crusade expeditions in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was shaped fundamentally by knowledge and attitudes that were preserved, transformed, and transmitted...

...This epilogue discusses the apparent endurance of crusading enthusiasm in the families of King Henry II of England and King Alfonso II of Aragón at the dawning of the thirteenth century. More specifically, it considers how the nobility remained the lifeblood of the crusade movement long after royal...

... to the U.S. nation-state and established a vast network of institutions, such as parochial schools. This parochial school system is situated within a series of Catholic beliefs and groups, from Marian apparitions and the Knights of Columbus, to rosary crusades and Catholic hospitals. Luce Henry Murray John...

...This chapter begins in the eleventh century, when Western Christianity expanded north and eastward, the reconquest of Spain proceeded, and Europe began a process of increasing its influence on the Middle East with the Crusades. The Crusades, preached in France by Pope Urban II in 1095, marked...

... society glory Le Goff Jacques medieval era glory in religion translatio imperii concept of Chanson de Roland chansons de geste Crusades Dupront Alphonse Louis Saint Chateaubriand François René de Conti Prince of Egyptian expedition of Napoleon imperialism French Louis XIV King of France...

... to Christianity. convert Crusade piyyut piyyutim plural Yitzhak ben Saadya conversion get gittin plural Rabbenu Tam Ya’akov ben Meir apostate Cologne Yehuda Herman Mainz Abraham ben Azriel Solomon ha Bavli Talmud Yom Tov Abraham Rabbi Rashi–Shlomo ben Isaac viii Sabbath Joseph ben Nathan...

...This chapter analyzes the social and religious connections fostered between Cistercian nunneries and crusader families. Crusaders and their families cultivated relationships with Cistercian convents in part to benefit from the penitential piety and prayers such religious women offered...

...This chapter explores the notion of Riga as a “city of God” to which thousands of monk-knights and other warriors arrived to do battle with the pagans in Livonia, which the crusaders called the “Land of Mary.” Here, the chapter considers the city's role in the Baltic crusade as both a regional...

..., the persecution of the Jews, the myth of Trojan origins, the circulation of prophetic hopes and fears, the importance of the Crusades, and the public and private lives of the French and English kings. The chapter concludes with a note on manuscripts, previous editions, and translations of the Deeds...

... Zoroastrian Empire of Persia Investiture Contest papacy Ravenna Charlemagne Carolingian Empire illuminated manuscripts Byzantine Empire Crusades medieval art medieval cathedrals When the martyrs were being slain, it was the raging lion: when heretics are plotting, it is the dragon creeping beneath...

...Contemporary commentators suggested that women played little role in crusades, but as women did play a constructive role in medieval European warfare and were even expected to take part in conflict in certain circumstances, it is not surprising to find that in fact they also took part in crusades...

... by a detailed treatment of the reception of herem texts during the medieval crusades, which draws on crusading chronicles, songs, poems, epics, and sermons; then by briefer sections on the medieval inquisition, the Spanish conquest of the New World, the ‘Christian holy war’ in sixteenth...

...This chapter explores an integral aspect of Billy Graham’s crusades: music, the people responsible for it, its role in bringing diversity to Graham crusade platforms, and its influence on post–World War II Christian song. For the sixty-year span of the crusades, choir director Cliff Barrows...

... after the excommunications of 1054 the debate was not about the primacy itself, except to ask how the pope could maintain that position while embracing “heretical” teachings (e.g., the filioque and use of azymes). It was not until the crusades that this changed and a series of Byzantine...