.... ⁵⁷ Tensions were fuelled in part because the arrival of women’s and black groups coincided with a struggle over resources. Being able to muster an ‘identity’ was beginning to serve as the basis for funding by local government, complicating the meanings of gender and race in community politics...

... Americans Afro Caribbeans census Clarke Yvette Haitians Jamaica New York City Nigerians voting Obama Barack political participation group intraracial Local 371 survey design and implementation Black Groups Populations Racial Groups Political Ethnics Much has changed in the past fifty years...

... trends, this chapter assesses and compares the overall participatory tendencies of black groups using national data sources. Participation rates of blacks are also compared to those of nonblack union members within the original SSEU Survey as well as with nonblack populations from national data sets...