
Contents
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2.1 Introduction 2.1 Introduction
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2.2 Relevant Background Regarding the Tlingit Language 2.2 Relevant Background Regarding the Tlingit Language
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2.2.1 Sociohistorical Background 2.2.1 Sociohistorical Background
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2.2.1.1 Geographic Distribution and Genetic Classification of the Tlingit Language 2.2.1.1 Geographic Distribution and Genetic Classification of the Tlingit Language
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2.2.1.2 Current and Future Vitality of the Language 2.2.1.2 Current and Future Vitality of the Language
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2.2.2 Prior Scholarship Regarding the Tlingit Language 2.2.2 Prior Scholarship Regarding the Tlingit Language
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2.2.3 Grammatical Sketch 2.2.3 Grammatical Sketch
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2.2.3.1 Phonology 2.2.3.1 Phonology
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2.2.3.2 Morphology 2.2.3.2 Morphology
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2.2.3.3 Syntax 2.2.3.3 Syntax
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2.2.4 Methodology Used in This Study 2.2.4 Methodology Used in This Study
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2.2.4.1 The Nature of the Data 2.2.4.1 The Nature of the Data
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2.2.4.2 The Sealaska Heritage Institute 2.2.4.2 The Sealaska Heritage Institute
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2.3 The Behavior of Wh-Words in Tlingit Wh-Questions 2.3 The Behavior of Wh-Words in Tlingit Wh-Questions
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2.3.1 Basic Properties of Tlingit Wh-Questions 2.3.1 Basic Properties of Tlingit Wh-Questions
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2.3.2 Evidence That Tlingit Is a Wh-Fronting Language 2.3.2 Evidence That Tlingit Is a Wh-Fronting Language
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2.3.2.1 Obligatory Prepredicate Position of Wh-Operators in Wh-Questions 2.3.2.1 Obligatory Prepredicate Position of Wh-Operators in Wh-Questions
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2.3.2.2 Topic Status of Material Preceding Wh-Operators in Wh-Questions 2.3.2.2 Topic Status of Material Preceding Wh-Operators in Wh-Questions
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2.3.2.3 Long-Distance Questions in Tlingit Require Long-Distance Movement 2.3.2.3 Long-Distance Questions in Tlingit Require Long-Distance Movement
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2.3.2.4 Superiority Effects in Multiple Wh-Questions 2.3.2.4 Superiority Effects in Multiple Wh-Questions
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2.4 Q-Particles in Tlingit Wh-Questions: The Formal Status of Sá 2.4 Q-Particles in Tlingit Wh-Questions: The Formal Status of Sá
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2.4.1 The Obligatory Presence of Sá 2.4.1 The Obligatory Presence of Sá
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2.4.2 The Structural Position of Sá 2.4.2 The Structural Position of Sá
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2.4.3 Q-Particles and Extraction Islands 2.4.3 Q-Particles and Extraction Islands
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2.4.4 Q-Particles at the Right Edge of the Matrix Clause 2.4.4 Q-Particles at the Right Edge of the Matrix Clause
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2.4.5 Summary: The Formal Unity of Tlingit Sá, Sinhala Da, and Japanese Ka 2.4.5 Summary: The Formal Unity of Tlingit Sá, Sinhala Da, and Japanese Ka
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2.5 Wh-Fronting in Tlingit as a Consequence of Q-Movement 2.5 Wh-Fronting in Tlingit as a Consequence of Q-Movement
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2.6 The QP-Intervention Condition 2.6 The QP-Intervention Condition
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2.6.1 Further Constraints on the Placement of Sá 2.6.1 Further Constraints on the Placement of Sá
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2.6.2 Evidence Against the Movement-Based Analysis 2.6.2 Evidence Against the Movement-Based Analysis
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2.6.3 The Proposed Analysis: The QP-Intervention Condition 2.6.3 The Proposed Analysis: The QP-Intervention Condition
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2.6.3.1 The Nature of the QP-Intervention Condition 2.6.3.1 The Nature of the QP-Intervention Condition
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2.7 A Semantics for Tlingit Wh-Words and Q-Particles 2.7 A Semantics for Tlingit Wh-Words and Q-Particles
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2.7.1 Two Semantic Preliminaries 2.7.1 Two Semantic Preliminaries
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2.7.1.1 Focus Semantics 2.7.1.1 Focus Semantics
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2.7.1.2 The Intensional Type Theory 2.7.1.2 The Intensional Type Theory
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2.7.2 The Semantics of Wh-Words 2.7.2 The Semantics of Wh-Words
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2.7.3 The Semantics of Q-Particles 2.7.3 The Semantics of Q-Particles
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2.7.4 The Compositional Semantics of Wh-Indefinites 2.7.4 The Compositional Semantics of Wh-Indefinites
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2.7.5 The Special Relationship Between Q-Particles and Wh-Words 2.7.5 The Special Relationship Between Q-Particles and Wh-Words
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2.7.6 The Compositional Semantics of Wh-Questions 2.7.6 The Compositional Semantics of Wh-Questions
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2.7.6.1 The Semantics of Wh-Questions: Basic Background 2.7.6.1 The Semantics of Wh-Questions: Basic Background
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2.7.6.2 The Compositional Semantics of Tlingit Wh-Questions 2.7.6.2 The Compositional Semantics of Tlingit Wh-Questions
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2.7.6.3 A Brief Note on the Interpretation of Pied-Piping Structures 2.7.6.3 A Brief Note on the Interpretation of Pied-Piping Structures
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2 Wh-Fronting and Q-Movement in Tlingit
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Published:July 2010
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Abstract
This chapter argues in depth that the proposed ‘Q-based’ analysis sketched in chapter 1 provides the best account of several features of the wh-questions of Tlingit. This chapter provides much of the empirical and conceptual foundation for the chapters that follow. The chapter begins with the demonstration that that Tlingit is a ‘wh-fronting language’, in the sense that the wh-words in its wh-questions must appear at left-peripheral positions. It is then argued that the Tlingit particle sá should be categorized as a ‘Q-particle’ alongside the Japanese particle ka and the Sinhala particle da. After these preliminaries have been taken care of, the core empirical arguments for the ‘Q-based’ account of Tlingit wh-questions are presented. Having defended the main analysis, this chapter then examines certain further, Tlingit-internal applications of it. It is argued that several additional syntactic phenomena in Tlingit would follow from a single generalization, the ‘QP-Intervention Condition’. In addition, a semantics is provided for Tlingit wh-questions and wh-indefinites, based on the notion that Q-particles are interpreted as variables ranging over choice-functions.
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