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This project began as an attempt to consider historical superpower rivalries at a time when many contemporary commentators have been focused on the rising competition between the United States and China. At first, I believed a historical analogy could be made between Rome and Persia and today’s modern rivalry of two great powers who both see themselves as having a special place in the world. Certainly, there are many comparisons to be made between two competing visions of world order coming into contact and shaping one another across rival spheres of influence. The human desire for power and competing imperial claims to greatness are certainly not limited to any one time period of history. But as this project developed, I also began to see how very different the world of antiquity was to our modern understandings of the ‘state’, the ‘international’, and a ‘states system’. To attempt to view the world through a Roman or Sasanian perspective and to consider a world of ‘peoples’ and client–patron relations immediately challenges many of the most common assumptions of international relations (IR) as an academic subject. The following work therefore seeks to blur the lines between history, IR theory, and international political thought. The result of this interdisciplinary project is a conscious attempt to challenge the contemporary ‘global’ IR approaches within IR theory which so often project modern national histories and national understandings of territory back through time to earlier eras.1
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