Index

For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52–53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

Abraham, H (Secretary-General of IUPAP)23, 25, 58–59
letter to Aimé Cotton34
murder in Auschwitz40, 105

accelerators98, 182–183, 186, 192–194, 199–203, 205, 292–293
Accelerator Conference205–207

adhesion (of countries)52, 216, 249, 266–267, 270, 284

Akademgorodok257

Allied Powers5–6, 19, 20, 22, 23, 28–29, 63–64, 241–242, 279–280, 307
Supreme Commander Bunce166

Allied Travel Office (ATO), West Berlin243, 254, 294

Allis, W P296–299, 304

Alvarez, L180, 199

Amaldi, E
disarmament organization Pugwash264–265, 303
election as President of IUPAP73, 75–79, 258
High Energy Physics268
integrating Asian physicists269
Inter-European scientific collaboration263, 268, 269, 271, 285–286
political non-discrimination principle290
role in shaping Italian physics13–15
scientific collaboration with USSR257–258, 261, 263, 268–269, 271, 285–286
science policymaker261 See also Italy

Ambartsumian, V188–189

American Association for the Advancement of Science33, 88, 217

American Physical Society54, 90, 296, 305

atomic clocks152–157
hydrogen maser atomic clock151, 157

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)195–197, 205–206 See also Rochester conferences

‘Atoms for Peace’ See Geneva, First International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (1955)

Auger, P35–36, 70–72, 119, 120, 124, 165–166

Austria22, 29, 50–51

Bacher, R E94, 189–190, 225, 297

Barnard, C I163–164, 166, 167

Belgium/Brussels19–23, 26–28, 31, 47, 50, 53, 102, 275

Bell, R E80

Berkner, L V121, 247, 253

Bernardini, G263, 271–272

Bethe, H35–36

Bhabha, H7, 15, 41, 70–72, 78, 180, 187–188, 271, 291, 293–298, 301, 304–305

BIPM See Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM

Blackett, P196–198, 258–260

Blewett, H199–200, 205–206

Blokhintsev, D I15, 73, 180–183, 188, 203–204, 271, 285–286

Bogert, M177

Bohr, N, Central Powers and36–38

Born, Max30–31, 35–36, 169

Bragg, W23, 36, 37, 42–43, 47, 55, 92

Brazil93, 133, 138–140, 142, 143–144, 195, 273–274, 276, 281, 286
G Wataghin’s national identity273–274, 276
University of São Paulo (USP)278–279, 281–282 See also Rio de Janeiro

British Association for the Advancement of Science21–22

Brode, R B77, 187, 200–201, 216, 217, 220–270

Brode, W217

Bromley, A95, 97–98

Brown, E W27

Brown, Harrison298–299

Brown, Sanborn130–132, 139–140, 143

Bumstead, H21

Bunce, W K166

Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM)105, 114, 124–125, 146–147, 150, 151–152, 155–156
General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM)152

Butler, C C73, 95, 149–150, 269–271, 298, 301

Butler, N M49

Cabrera, B45, 52–53, 102

California Institute of Technology44

centimetre-gram-second (CGS) decimal system102

Central Powers
admission/exclusion by IRC13, 26–31
Allies’ punitive attitudes19–20
instrumentation and22

CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research70–72, 120, 156–157, 199–203, 205–206, 263, 268, 271–272

Chadwick, J100–101, 108

Chiang Kai-shek212–213, 222–228, 238

Chicago
China CPS, SUN meeting209
expositions21–22, 32–33, 47, 48
General Assembly21–22, 46, 48, 52, 54
Great Depression48–49
World Fair46–47, 90–91

China
Communist Party69, 222–223
Den Xiaoping236
‘learning from the USSR’210–211
Maoists190–191
Memberships in International Organizations 1950s–1980s218
‘One China’ principle212–213, 219, 225, 229, 233, 235, 236, 238
path to IUPAP209–239
People’s Republic of China (PRC)5–6, 69
Republic of China (ROC) See Taiwan
‘two Chinas’212–213, 219, 220–221, 224, 229, 235, 249, 266, 270 See also Taiwan

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)210–211

Chinese Physical Society (CPS), Taipei, Taiwan74, 209–239

Cohen, E28–29

Cohen-Tannoudji, C157

Cold War81
Eastward enlargement of IUPAP78–79
military alliances81–82
post-Cold War period81
scientific internationalism175 See also Rochester conferences

Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA)103–104

Commission on Atoms104
abolition107
international table of stable isotopes105

Commission C2 (formerly SUN commission)147–148, 150–152, 155, 158

Commission for Coordination of Terminologies52–53

Commission on High Energy Physics186, 201, 203, 224–225, 231, 268, 284–285

Commission on Low Energy of Nuclear Physics (XII)125, 189, 201, 269

Commission on Macromolecular Chemistry107

Commission on Magnetism96–97

Commission on Particles and Fields (was Commission on High Energy Physics)194

Commission for Physico-Chemical Constants, creation107

Commission on Physics Education127

Commission on Publications

Commission on Radioactive Constants107–108
replacement by creation of Joint Commission of Standards and Units of Radioactivity107–108

Commission on Radioactive Standards, Units, and Constants108

Commission on Radioactive Units106, 108
transformation into a Joint Commission with IUPAC108

Commission on Radioactivity125

Commission on Science and its Social Relations (CSSR)103–104

Commission on Solar and Terrestrial Relationships102

commissions
coordination103–104
negotiating in ICSU, IUPAP, IUPAC111 See also IUPAP, creation of commissions; See also Joint Commissions

Compton, A H54, 226, 278

conference organization159–160
innovation vs maintenance160

Conference on Semi-Conductors, Exeter, UK295

Congrès international de physique (1900)25–26

Cosmic Ray Commission68, 70–72, 106, 284–285

Cosmic Ray Conference284–285

Cotton, A21, 32, 33–35, 48, 52–53

crash of 1929/Great Depression32–33, 48–49

crystallography
tables55 See also Ewald, E

Cuban missile crisis253–254

Curie
Laboratoire Curie100–101, 113, 114–116, 119, 121–122, 124
unit of radioactivity113, 115

Curie, M9–10, 21, 113, 121–122, 125 See also Joliot-Curie

cyclotrons
Japan, destruction161
synchrocyclotron182–183

Czech Society50–51

Czechoslovakia20, 50–51, 130, 132–133, 189, 226, 244–245, 251, 253–255
invasion 1968189
Prague Spring190–191

Danysz, M183–184, 195

Darwin, C G65–66

Den Xiaoping236

Denmark
Copenhagen
IUPAP General Assembly 1951163, 281
Scientific Symposium, absence of East Germans295
Danish Academy of Science38–39
Danish Atomic Energy Commission, NATO summer school293

diplomatic history of science160

Dirac, P169, 278

disarmament organization Pugwash11–13, 264–265, 303

distance measurement151

Dubna See Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna; See Soviet Union, International Research Center in Dubna

Dutch Physical Society26–27

East German Academy of Sciences297–298

East German Physical Society79–80

East-West collaboration183–184, 186, 191, 196, 200–202, 207

East-West negotiations72, 83, 200–201

Einstein, A26–27, 30–31, 171
NASA 1976 Gravity Probe A experiment153
Russell-Einstein Manifesto120

electrical units47, 54–55

electromagnetic units32, 102

enthalpy53–54

entropy, unit53–54

European Frequency Control Symposia154–155

European Organization for Nuclear Research See CERN

European Physical Society303

European Space Agency, Galileo Global Positioning System153

Ewald, P P40–41, 55, 65–67, 69–70, 105, 194
interwar crystallography grant55

Faraggi, H M225–227

Fermi, E33, 35–36, 38, 169, 262–264, 277
rejection of IUPAP presidency57–58

Feynman, R140–142, 144–145, 159

First International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (1955), Geneva175

Fleury, P41, 69, 77–78, 105–114, 119–124, 132, 161–166, 185–186, 215–224, 249, 258, 261, 266–267, 269–270, 290–291, 293, 297, 304

Formosa220 See also Taiwan

France
Communist Party120, 291–293
delegation to 1933 G A33
French Society of Electrical Engineers58
Les Houches Summer Schools157, 292, 293
Société française de physique (SFP)23–25, 58 See also Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM

Franck, J29–30

Fraser, R111, 118, 119, 161–163, 165

Fujioka, Y165, 168

gamma ray intensity, unit108

gases, determination of molecular/atomic weights (Neuchatel)39–40

gauss and oersted controversies32

Geneva
Commission on High Energy Physics186, 201, 203, 224–225, 231, 268, 284–285
First International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (1955)175, 179, 180, 182–186, 195, 196, 260–261
first nuclear power station175

Gerlach, W31, 36, 266–267

Germany
admission to IUPAP26–27
Berlin Wall205–206, 240, 241, 244, 255, 289, 294–295, 299
ca 193150
Cartel of academies 1925-628
Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaf (DPG)50–51
East German citizens
travel ban to 1962 World Ice Hockey Championship294
travel banned to NATO member states289
East German scientific organizations13, 79–80
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)70, 191
German Democratic Republic (GDR)294
Hallstein Doctrine and FRG73–74
interwar crystallography grant55
joining IUPAP45, 50
League of Nations entry28
membership of IRC28–29, 31
membership of IUPAP57, 70
NATO travel ban13, 294
Nazi regime40, 104, 175–176, 241–242, 262
non-recognition13
Physical Societies (1950–1990)243
Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED)245–246, 254
Temporary Travel Document (TTD)294, 298–300
‘two Germanies’241–242, 245, 248, 255, 266, 272
Weimar176 See also East German scientific organizations; See also Hallstein doctrine

Giorgi system, 4 absolute practical units55

Glazebrook, R27–28, 32–36, 45, 47–51, 53–56, 58–59

gramme-calorie, defined53

Great Britain See United Kingdom

Griffiths, E53–54

Haber, F28–29

Hale, G E19–20, 22–23, 43–44, 52, 102, 307, 308

Hallstein doctrine73–74, 240, 241, 244, 248, 294

Harwell (UK)124, 181–182

heat, units53

Heisenberg, W30–31, 71, 167–169

high energy physics See Commission on High Energy Physics; See particle physics

Hooper, R W J294, 296–297, 304

Hopkins, G35–36

Horstadius, S119, 296, 297–298

Hungary22, 29, 130, 244–245, 252
crisis 1956201, 260–261, 294
IRC and29

Huxley, T H87–89

innovation vs maintenance in technological systems160

Institut d’optique105
3 conferences58

interferometry151
measurement of distance151
Michelson Interferometer151–152

intergovernmental (IGOs) vs non-governmental organizations (NGOs)64

International Association of Academies28–29

International Astronomical Union (IAU)2–3, 13–14, 27
conflicts 1924/2527
Soviet participation177

International Bureau of Metrology124

International Bureau of Weights and Measures See Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM

International Commission on Optics (ICO)67–68, 105

International Commission on Radiological Units (ICRU)113–114, 124, 125

International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC)28, 101

International Conference on Low Temperature Physics227

International Conference of Theoretical Physics (ICTP, 1953)7, 159, 163, 168, 171, 301–302
Japan’s reversion to IUPAP161
outcomes171

International Congress of Refrigeration53–54

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)288–289

International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)2, 31
formal agreement with UNESCO66–68, 100, 161–162, 194
funds, ICSU and member unions67
negotiating space for joint commissions111
organizational chart in 195812
Principle of Political Non-Discrimination 195874–75
renaming in 19312, 45
Resolution of Political Non-Discrimination246
ratification241, 254
review of membership116–117
Soviet participation177
Standing Committee on the Free Circulation of Scientists (SCFCS)79, 254
successor to IRC102
UNESCO agreement100

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), gauss and oersted controversies32, 54

International Frequency Symposia154–155

International Geophysical Year70–72

International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), IUPAP Bibliography Commission52–53

International Institute of Refrigeration53–54

International Mathematical Union (IMU)13–14, 20, 27

International Research Council (IRC)21
administrative structure for control19
admission/exclusion of Central Powers13, 27–28
becomes International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)42–43
conflicts post WW127–28, 176–177
constituent unions20
creation52–53, 275, 307
downfall/replacement176–177
emerging crisis within26–27
excluded members19, 26–27
exclusion of Germany50
IUPAP and91
Japan and161
membership rules29
new members (1919)23
renaming2, 42–43
statutes19, 31
amendment of27
term ‘international’21–22
termination102–103
WW2 neutral members23

International System of Units (SI), and physical constants155

International Union of Biochemistry (IUB)120–121, 123–124, 218, 229–239

International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS)102, 112, 119, 123, 255

International Union of Chemistry100–101

International Union of Crystallography40–41, 55, 65–66, 185, 297–298

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)20, 49, 91, 102, 185, 228–229, 250, 297

International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)218, 228–229

International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IUHPST)1–2

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)20, 100–101
15th Conference108
designation of representatives116–117
foundation20, 23–25, 28, 100–101
General Assembly 1953112
General Assembly 1955118
ICSU Injunction116
Inter-Union cooperation before World War II101
Joint Commission
participation in112
work of114
London meeting 1947107
as ‘mother union’111
post-WW2103, 105
pre-war conferences102–103
‘pure and applied’91
trans-union joint work102 See also Joint Commission on Radioactivity (JCR)

International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP)
1930s32
1940s shift of focus68
archives, loss during war43
autoletic and heteroletic modes of operation8
closer ties with physics-related industries97
closer ties with USSR184–187
co-existence with NATO289
Cold War
East-West negotiations72
tensions289–290
commissions
approved at 1947 General Assembly106
Cosmic Rays Commission70–72
creation of67–69, 105
Joint and Topical69
on Very Low Temperature Physics227
conflicts27
development13–14
diplomacy207–208
divergence of NATO and IUPAP288–289, 304
Eastward enlargement78–79
establishment 19229
first Executive Council 193252
foundation, vision and reality19
free circulation of scientists principle79–80
freedom of scientists, NATO protests re13
General Assemblies
192391
193143, 50
1933 cancellation33
1934 alternative conference33–36
1938, put forward to 193938–39
1940, plans/cancellation39
194740–41, 65, 69, 106
1951281
1960187
hibernation42–43
as a hybrid science diplomacy organization65
institutional decisions14
Inter-Union cooperation before WW2101
inter-war years29–30
internationality dimension8
IRC and19–22, 42
London, Paris, and Belgium initial conferences19
membership
Commission on Radioactive Units 1947106
exclusions 191919
executive committee (1923–1947)24
funds, ICSU and member unions67
membership maps of nations
in 195471
in 196075
in 200883
membership payments45
membership requests PRC, ROC and GDR73–74
national committees 195169–70
National membership and fees 1919–1947307
organizational chart in 196910
overview of evolving roles65, 69, 72, 81, 83
pledge in favour of GDR physicists294
post-Cold War period81
post-WW2 transitions64, 68
primary goals since establishment3, 9–11
reawakened spirit of internationalism194
reconfiguration as post-Cold War global organization81
refoundation (1947) and growth, as predominantly Western organization (1947–56)65
reshaping post-WW265, 69, 72, 81, 83
scientific realm8
SFP and23–27
Soviet entrance6, 177–178
Soviet Union membership, 195672–73, 185–186
statutes, major changes in 198180
title approval22–23
UNESCO–ICSU agreement68
venue for East-West negotiations 1957–198972
WW2
Allied governments and5–6, 19
post WW2100–101, 105

International Union of Scientific Radio Telegraphy (URSI)13–14, 20

internationalism, reawakened spirit of194

interwar period
four-phase periodization64
inclusion of Soviet physicists177–178
loss of archives43
major grant to German crystallography55
political project extending WW1 military alliances into post-war scientific cooperation5–6
relationship between pure and applied science90–91
resurgence of IUPAP13–14

ionizing radiation measurement39–40

Israel, and USSR, after Six-Day War79–80

Italy52
Communist Party204
Como
Varenna summer school292
Volta centennial29–30
fascism264
inter-European scientific collaboration263
migration of scientists to USA262–263
Physical Society70, 302
Racial Laws262
rejoins ICSU52–53
Via Panisperna ‘boys’264 See also Amaldi, E; See also Wataghin, G

Japan
destruction of cyclotrons161
International Conference of Theoretical Physics (1953)7, 70, 159, 163, 164
budget168
contributions to funding168
expanding the scale168
funding crisis and Rockefeller Foundation165
organization159, 163, 164
outcomes171
planned invitees from overseas169
reintegration into IUPAP161
summary and aftermath171
venue169
reintegration of Japanese scientists161–162
Science Council of Japan (SCJ)161–162, 164, 166–167, 170
South Africa apartheid problem81

Japanese Physics Community, rehabilitation159

JASON group300–303

Joffe, A F35–36, 175–176, 187, 210, 220, 266–267, 269–271

Joint Commission for Applied Radioactivity (JCAR)100–101, 122–126

Joint Commission on Radioactivity (JCR)9–10, 100–101
dissolution112, 120–121
formation100–101
ICSU Injunction116
meetings113
membership 1947–1955109
name adopted111
new joint commission106
post-WW2103, 112
pre-WW2100–101
replaced by Joint Commission on Applied Radioactivity112
workings 1947–1953112

Joint Commission on Spectroscopy284

Joint Commission of Standards and Units of Radioactivity107–108
proposal of merger with RSC107–111 See also Joint Commission on Radioactivity (JCR

joint commissions
emerging concept100–104

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna175, 183, 184, 199, 203–204
cultural exchanges183–184
Lacy–Zarubin Agreement (1958)183–184 See also Blokhintsev

Joliot-Curie, I and F37, 100–101, 103–108, 113–114, 117–124

joule, defined53

Kameyama, N161–162, 166, 168–169

Keesom, W H52

Kelly, H C161, 166–167

Kelly, W C130–132, 135, 137, 139, 140

Kennelly, A E54–55

Kerwin, L80

Kiev (Ukraine)186–187, 203, 224–225, 276–277, 284

Knudsen, M23, 25–26, 36–38, 52, 57–58

Kotani, M161–165, 168–170, 187, 271

Kramers, H A41, 105, 161–163, 166, 177–178

Lacy–Zarubin Agreement (1958)183–184

Landau, L169, 195, 257

Langevin, P21, 38, 45, 52–53, 57–58, 209

laser interferometry152

League of Nations28, 44–45

Lecointe, G19–20

Lee, T-D235–237, 239

Lorentz, H23

Lyons, H52, 102

Lysenkoism255

McCarran-Walter Act196, 204

McMillan, E196–198, 204, 205

magnetic field153–154

magnetic field unit, oersted32

magnetic induction, units32, 47, 54, 102

Maier-Leibnitz, H204, 225–227

Marie, C, physical constants tables22–25, 55–56

Marshak, R194, 196, 199, 201, 203–204

maser152
hydrogen maser atomic clock151, 153
measurement of time152

Materials Research Society95

Mendenhall, C20–21

metre, defined152

metrology93, 148–151
international conferences154
Manual148–149
precision metrology151, 154
recent developments in atomic clocks157
shaping modern practice158 See also Commission C2; See also interferometry

Meyer, S104, 108, 112–114, 121–122

microwave oscillators152–153

military alliances
Cold War81–82
nuclear arms race81–82
and post-war scientific cooperation5–6, 63–64

Millikan, R
Nobel prize22–23
Presidency of IUPAP43
US hegemony over physical sciences14

Mott, N67, 77, 168–170, 184–187, 213–215, 219, 224, 231, 257–261, 266–269, 271–272, 282–283

National Academy, membership and fees 1919–1947307

National Academy of Sciences (NAS)43–44, 49

National Physics Laboratory (NPL)53–55

National Research Council (NRC)43–44
finance48–50

national security, privileged position of physics81–82

NATO See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Needham, J74–75, 222–224

Néel, L73, 78, 187–188, 271, 293, 298

Nesmeyanov, A177, 179, 185–186, 199, 260–261

Netherlands, Dutch Physical Society26–27

NGOs, legally defined64

Nilsson, J S97–98, 146, 149–150, 158, 225–226, 230–231, 233, 235–237

Nishina, Y161–163, 170

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)7
acoustics studies305
conflict with IUPAP7
divergence of NATO and IUPAP288–293, 300
ignoring IUPAP296
IUPAP and 1963 travel ban controversy288–289, 291–305
promotion of physics304–305
protests re freedom of scientists13, 293
Research Grants Programme293

Norway23, 183–184, 254, 297

nuclear arms race81–82

nuclear physics6, 93, 96–97, 117–118, 120, 123–125, 183, 201

nuclear power station, first (Obninsk)175, 181–182

nuclear research See CERN; See Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna

oersted32, 54

Onnes, K21, 27–28

Oppenheimer, R167–169, 196–197

Pacific Science Congress 1953165

Paneth, F A100–101, 107–108, 113, 114, 116–122, 124

Panofsky, W186–187, 202

particle physics96–97, 169, 182–183, 191, 192–194, 196, 201–202, 206–207
East-West exchanges200–201
rhetoric of ‘purity’6, 11
Rochester conferences186–187 See also accelerators

Pauli, W30–31, 157, 161–162, 169

Pei Lisheng212

Pelseneer, P27–28

Pentagon Papers, JASON group300

Pérard, A24, 105

Petley, B155–158

Phillips, W157–158

physical constants
and International System of Units (SI)155
political dimension23
tables22–25, 55–56

Physical Society of London33–35, 90

physics
American hegemony and post-war physics education130
applied/industrial92
as a profession128
professionalization129
semiconductor physics96–97 See also high energy physics; See also particle physics; See also pure and applied physics

physics education
pedagogical content
IUPAP’s Paris conference 1960134
IUPAP’s Rio conference 1963139
signature pedagogies129

Picard, E19–20, 25–29

Pierls, R35–36

Planck, Max, German participation in IUPAP28–31, 45, 50–52

political non-discrimination, 1958 declaration (ICSU)74–75, 246, 251, 290, 298, 301

Pontecorvo, B262

Powell, C F196–198, 278

Prigogine, I169

publications, Commission on Publications31, 52–53, 67–70, 105, 184–185, 282

Pugwash (disarmament organization)11–13, 264–265, 303

pure and applied physics193
industrial physics98
in practice92
pure physics86
‘pure’ research6, 11, 87, 193, 196 See also physics education

pure science86–87
international union, national agendas91
prehistory86
purity and politics194

quantum mechanics257

Rabi, I I153, 169, 195, 264–265, 298–299

radar components152–153

radioactivity
allied issues104 See also Commission on Radioactive Units; See also Joint Commission on Radioactivity (JCR

Radiological Congress, Copenhagen 1953114

Radium Standard Committee (RSC)104, 108

Ramsey, N147–148, 152–154, 156–158

Republic of China (ROC) See Taiwan

Richtmyer, F K54–56

Rio de Janeiro, CBPF133–134, 140–141

Rochester conferences
particle physics186–188, 193–198, 202, 203–204 See also Atomic Energy Commission (AEC

Rockefeller Foundation44, 163–165
Fellowships for Young Researchers176

Rossi, B284–285

Rowland, H88–89, 151–152

Royal Society of London27–28, 33–35, 38–39, 244, 252–253

Rupp, E31, 36

Russell, A L160

Russell-Einstein Manifesto120

Russian Empire, 1917 Revolution276–277, 286

Ryogo, K169

Schrodinger, E45, 50–52

Schuster, A19–20, 22–23, 27–28

Schwinger, J S157, 169

Science Council of Japan (SCJ)161–162, 164, 166–167, 170

science diplomacy6–7
co-existence of contrasting projects288–289
divergence of NATO and IUPAP288–289
as a hybrid science diplomacy organization65
socialist internationalism and175, 178, 184, 188 See also Blokhintsev, D I; See also Needham, J

scientific internationalism3–5, 11, 15–16, 64, 175, 179, 190–191, 193, 240, 254

scientists, circulation of286

second, defined152

SFP See Société française de physique (SFP

SI system, origin151

SI units, International System of Units and physical constants155

Siegbahn, Kai232–236

Siegbahn, Manne38–41, 105, 232–236

Sizoo, G J107–108

Slater, J C163–164, 166, 169, 259

socialist internationalism6, 175, 182–186, 190–191, 246, 253–254, 257, 270, 272
integrating into IUPAP272
realities of188
science diplomacy and175, 178, 184, 188 See also Soviet Union

Société française de physique (SFP)21, 23–27
fiftieth anniversary of its founding in 187323–25

Solvay Conferences for Physics28, 30–31

South Africa apartheid problem, Japan and81

Soviet Academy of Science (SAS)185, 205, 210–211, 213, 247, 261, 283–285, 302–303

Soviet Union
Academy of Sciences, jubilee celebration, June 1945176
Cold War scenario (1957–1989)72
Communist Party177–181, 190–191
conflict with China post WW2190–191
hosting ‘Rochester conferences’ in particle physics186–187
intelligence agencies196
international openness, to 1930175–176
International Research Center in Dubna175
Lysenkoism255
membership of IUPAC and IAU176–177
membership of IUPAP72–73, 184
participation in international organizations70–72, 175, 185
’peaceful coexistence’185–186
scientific achievements188–189
scientific exchanges post WW1176
scientific internationalism, Cold War175
Stalinism255
de-Stalinization178–179
mistakes190–191, 255
Stalin’s death, opening of Soviet science72, 178–179, 210–211, 244–245, 282
wartime alliance with UK and USA176 See also Blokhintsev, D I; See also Cold War; See also Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna

spectroscopic constants tables55–56

standardization See Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature (SUN)

Stearns, M B96–97

Stratton, F J N42, 161–162

Sweden23, 26–27, 38–39, 58, 123, 133, 155–156, 187, 195, 252–253, 269

Switzerland23, 156–157, 195 See also CERN; See also Geneva

Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature (SUN, later Commission C2)31–33, 46, 48, 53–55, 105, 108, 146–149
origin53
‘sous commission’53

synchrophasotron182–183

Taiwan
IUPAP and211–212
Memberships in International Organizations 1950s–1980s218
Physical Society13, 74
Republic of China (ROC)5–6
Taipei215–221, 230, 233–236
Taiwan Strait Crisis 1958238
United States and238–239 See also China, ‘two Chinas’; See also Chinese Physical Society

‘Taiwan Relations Act’239

Tamm, I186–188, 202, 257, 270

technological systems
academic conferences160
innovation vs maintenance160

Teller, E160, 196–197, 303

thermodynamics
Commission97–98, 107
IUPAP commission68
standardization68, 88
units53–54

time, Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Applications and Planning Meetings154–155

time measurement151–152

Tyndall, J87–88

Ukraine See Kiev

UNESCO3–4, 78–79
formal agreement with ICSU66–68, 100, 194

United Kingdom19–23, 88–92, 132, 195, 212–213, 244, 252–253, 260–261, 291, 295, 299–300

United Nations (UN)
Charter, IGOs and NGOs4–6, 16, 64
establishment63, 100
Resolution 2758, 1971239

units, standardization, nomenclature, and notation21–22 See also Commission C2; See also Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature (SUN)

USA19–20, 43, 46, 100, 130, 132, 139, 144–145, 176, 183–184, 252–253, 260–266, 278
McCarran-Walter Act196, 204, 294
military agencies, AFOSR154–155
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)153–155
‘Taiwan Relations Act’ 1980239

USSR See Soviet Union

Veksler, V182–183, 186, 187, 198, 202–205

Vessot, R153, 155–157

Vietnam war11–13

Volterra, V19–21, 25–26

von Laue, Max29–30, 45, 51–52

von Neumann, J196

Wataghin, G
Russia/Italy15, 273–287 See also Italy

women, Working Group on Women in Physics in 200282

World War 239
Allied governments and IUPAP5–6, 19
post-Cold War81
post-World War II transitions64–65
survival of IUPAP39

Wu, T-Y235–236, 238

Wu Youxun226

Yamaguchi, Y81–82

Yoshio, N See Nishina, Y

Yukawa, H163–164, 169, 171, 202, 207, 271

Zeeman effect, conference on42

Zeeman, P27–28

Zhou Guangzhao233, 235–237

Zhou Peiyuan211–237