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The French Evolution? Co-operatives’ Slow Emergence in Modern France, 1780s–1860s The French Evolution? Co-operatives’ Slow Emergence in Modern France, 1780s–1860s
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A Field in Full: From “the Co-operative Republic” to Les Trente Glorieuses, 1870s–1960s A Field in Full: From “the Co-operative Republic” to Les Trente Glorieuses, 1870s–1960s
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The Rise of the Social and Solidarity Economy, 1970s/80s–Present The Rise of the Social and Solidarity Economy, 1970s/80s–Present
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Co-operative Development: A French Evolution Co-operative Development: A French Evolution
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4 Co-operatives as the Heart of France’s Social and Solidarity Economy
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Published:July 2024
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Abstract
Chapter 4 examines France’s co-operatives as the heart of a coherently organized, legally defined social and solidarity economy. Co-operatives initially developed into the institutional void or field opening left by the French Revolution, which abolished almost all economic organizations. Operating in a legal twilight, the co-operative movement slowly but consistently secured national legal recognition through an evolutionary process of layering, as legal forms and policies developed to accommodate four distinct co-operative movements. By the 20th century’s end, co-operatives were part of the social and solidarity economy, which joins together all social purpose enterprises through an interlocking organizational structure. The French state repeatedly granted sanction and legitimacy to co-operatives through enabling legislation, special public economic development tools, and access to financing. Reflecting the French Revolution’s legacy, the government subjects them to regulation in exchange for granting them legitimacy as an allowable intermediary between the people and the state.
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