Index

For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52–53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

Tables are indicated by t following the page number

AMLO (Andrés Manuel López Obrador)18, 97, 103, 104

Ansell, Ben28

Argentina19

Bachelet, Michelle50, 57–58, 148, 149 See also Chile

Brazil. See also Ceará; See also Pernambuco; See also Espírito Santo; See also Rio de Janeiro; See also São Paulo
business philanthropy133
civil society43, 118–19, 120, 133, 134
clientelist politicians118–19
CNI (Confederação Nacional da Indústria)121
curriculum reform132, 133, 134
fiscal policy132–33, 137
Ideb (Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica)119, 129
Lemann Foundation42, 120, 124, 129, 133
MBNC (Movimento pela Base Nacional Comum)133–34
policy network133–34
political parties121–22, 125, 149–50
Pronatec (programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego)151–52
Senai (Serviçio Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial)31, 150
teacher unions118–19, 121
TPE (Todos pela Educação)43
VTE149–50

Cabral, Sergio108, 109

career reform7 See also education politics; See also electoral mobilization; See also policy network; See also political parties; See also teacher unions; See also technocracy
blocked4, 16, 97
bottom up4, 12–13, 14, 62, 65, 75
continuity See length of implementation
depoliticized hiring7–8, 66–67, 108, 109, 122–23, 127, 135–36, 160
early retirement9, 73
evaluations9, 52, 72, 103, 123–24
international influence16
ladder promotion7–8, 52, 74, 86–87, 130, 131
learning outcomes13–14
length of implementation5–6, 9, 12, 17, 75, 111, 130, 136, 157–58
meritocracy7–8, 78–79, 83, 99, 135–36
negotiation with unions62, 136, 157 See also Chile; See also Colombia
performance pay7–8, 17–18, 107, 108, 115–16, 122–23, 128
reestablishing state control65, 99–100, 110–11
source materials19
teacher buy-in8–9, 15, 61–62, 74, 86–87, 103, 128, 131, 157
teacher unions35, 37–38
top down4, 12–13, 16, 65–66, 76, 80, 156

Castillo, Pedro90

Ceará18–19, 116t See also Brazil
elections118
fiscal incentives124–25
PAIC (Programa de Aprendizagem na Idade Certa)115, 123, 124
reform continuity118, 125–26
Sobral115, 122–23
teacher union123–24
technocrats125
VTE151

Chile
business55, 62–63, 149
career reform4–5
civil society4–5, 43, 51, 54, 55, 60, 63, 120
Colegio de Profesores37, 50, 54, 58–59, 60–61
electoral politics23–24, 50, 51
Inclusion Law53, 54
negotiations with unions51, 61
Nueva Mayoria57–58, 60–61, 62
Plan Maestro54, 60
PND (Política Nacional Docente)49, 52–53, 56–59
policy network in21–22, 51, 58, 59–60, 63
private education29, 53, 54
student protests50, 57
VTE146

civil society15, 41–43, 44

clientelist politicians5, 11, 32–33, 34, 77, 90, 98 See also Colombia; See also Peru; See also Rio de Janeiro

Colombia
business See ExE
civil society80, 83
clientelism32–33, 34, 79–80, 85
evaluations79, 82–83
ExE (Em presarios por la Educación)84
Fecode (Federación Colombiana de Educadores)18, 76–77, 79–80, 82–83
learning gains82
negotiation76–77, 82–83
political parties85
revolving door in84
teacher pensions81
technocracy in40, 76–77, 78–79, 80, 84–85

Correa, Rafael65, 68, 70–71, 73–74

CSO (civil society organization). See civil society

Dargent, Eduardo40

demand for skills30, 31, 55, 139, 147

Duque, Iván85

East Asia31

Ecuador. See also Correa, Rafael
career reform4–5, 66
civil society65, 67–68, 69
education collapse64, 70
electoral politics23–24, 65
entrance exams66–67
evaluations72
Grupo Faro69
Red de Maestros73
referendum70, 71
salaries67
teacher training66
teacher unions37–38 See also UNE
technocracy65, 68, 71–72
UNE (Unión Nacional de Educadores)65, 66–67, 68–69, 72–73, 75

education politics. See also career reform; See also clientelist politicians; See also emptiness of education policy area; See also political parties; See also teacher unions; See also technocracy
business10, 31, 32, 69, 91, 102, 148
coalitions, absence of16
democracy 23–24, 25, 75
experimental research162
foundations and philanthropy32
ideology 11
institutions16, 22–23
interest groups41–42
middle classes9, 27, 28, 29–30, 34, 139, 147–48, 150–51
national consultations74, 162 See also Chile: plan Maestro
parent influence9–10
partisan politics28, 29, 51
political parties12, 25–26, 77, 145
public opinion24–25, 61–62, 69, 73–74, 91–92, 93, 103
quality reforms23
time horizons of politicians12

electoral mobilization4–5, 12–13

emptiness of education policy area9–10, 11, 22, 41, 138

Espírito Santo135–36
teacher union136

Eyzaguirre, Nicolás53, 58

García, Alan86, 87–88

Gomes, Cid123, 124, 125

Gordillo, Elba Esther100, 101

Grindle, Merilee19–20, 38

Humala, Ollanta86, 92

human capital30, 163–64

Indonesia33

Kosack, Stephen31

Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo86, 92–93

López Obrador, Andrés Manuel. See AMLO

machine union. See teacher unions

Mexico35 See also AMLO
civil society102
CNTE (Coordinadora Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación)97, 103
elections and education24–25, 99
machine unions35–36, 37–38
merit reforms104
Mexicanos Primero42, 101
Pacto por México99–100
PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional)36, 101, 102–3
SNTE (Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación)36, 97, 98–99, 100–1, 103
technocracy102–3

middle-income trap5–6

Moe, Terry35

NGO (non-governmental organization)41–42

NPM (new public management)8, 17–18, 106, 160, 161

Nuño, Aurelio35–36, 99, 102–3

OECD. See Pisa

Peña Nieto, Enrique98–99

Pernambuco18–19, 116t See also Brazil
civil society126–28, 129
elections118, 129
full day schools126, 127–28
reform continuity118, 126–27
school bonus128
teacher union128

Peru
business91
civil society86, 90–91
CNE (Consejo Nacional de Educación)91
Conare (Comité Nacional de Reorientación del SUTEP)89
evaluations86, 87–88, 93–94
political parties87, 90
public opinion91–92, 93
spending on education87
strikes86, 89, 90
Sutep (Sindicato Unitario de Trabajadores en la Educación del Perú)77, 86, 88–89, 90
teacher salaries89, 93–94
technocrats21, 77, 86, 91–92

Petro, Gustavo84–85

Piñera, Sebastián57

Pisa (Programme for International Student Assessment)6–7, 44–45, 78

policy network14–15, 38, 40, 41, 43–44, 161 See also Chile

political machine. See teacher unions

political parties16, 25–26, 27, 77, 154

private schools28, 29, 91 See also Chile

PRT (power resource theory)20, 22, 27, 28, 45, 51, 63, 140, 146, 154–55

reform. See career reform

returns to education10, 28, 30, 164

Rio de Janeiro (state of)5, 18, 96, 98, 116t See also Brazil; See also Risolia
administrative turnover108
clientelist politicians108, 110
crises109–10
political appointments108, 109
teacher unions109
technocrats108

Risolia, Wilson38, 96, 98, 108, 109

Rousseff, Dilma151–52

Saavedra. Jaime38, 40, 86, 89, 92–93

Samper, Ernesto80–81

Santos, Manuel81–82

São Paulo18–19, 116t, 130 See also Brazil
civil society119
school bonus130, 131
teacher union131
VTE151

SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises)31, 139, 153

South Africa18
ANC (African National Congress)104–5
apartheid104–5
enrollments104–5
Naptosa (National Professional Teachers’ Organisation of South Africa)105, 107
Sadtu (South African Democratic Teachers Union)97–98, 105, 106–7

teacher careers
Reform of See career reform

teacher unions11–12, 20 See also machine union; See also United States
control over hiring68, 88, 101, 106
interest groups35–36, 37–38, 98 See also Chile
“licensed” organizers72–73, 88, 100–1
machine unions5, 11–12, 35–36, 97–98, 101, 105, 110–11 See also Ecuador; See also Mexico; See also South Africa
negotiations with15
strikes60–61, 68–69, 72, 109

technical education. See VTE

technocracy and technocrats5, 15, 16, 25–26, 38, 39–40, 41, Eduardo Dargent
weak parties and41, 77, 157

Turkey19, 152–53 See also VTE

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)78

United States34
teacher unions in35

Uribe, Álvaro81–82

Vallejo, Raúl70, 71–72, 75

varieties of capitalism (VoC)20, 22–23, 30, 31

Vélez, Cecilia81–82, 84

veto points35

Vidal, Gloria70, 71–72, 75

vocational education. See VTE

VTE (vocational and technical education)19, 22, 29, 31, 125, 127–28, 158, 164
in Europe140–41
general education comparison141–42
middle class139, 143–45, 147, 151
per pupil spending143
returns from139, 147, 150

World Bank25