
Contents
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1. Introduction 1. Introduction
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2. The Political Shift in Egypt 2. The Political Shift in Egypt
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2.1 From Colony to Monarchy 2.1 From Colony to Monarchy
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2.2 From Monarchy to Socialist Democracy 2.2 From Monarchy to Socialist Democracy
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2.3 Sequential Shifts in Values 2.3 Sequential Shifts in Values
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2.4 Egypt as an Arab Nation 2.4 Egypt as an Arab Nation
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2.5 Relative Stability under the ‘Permanent Constitution’ of 1971 2.5 Relative Stability under the ‘Permanent Constitution’ of 1971
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2.6 The Arab Spring 2.6 The Arab Spring
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3. The Role of the Military in Egypt 3. The Role of the Military in Egypt
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3.1 The Military as Saviour 3.1 The Military as Saviour
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3.2 The Expansion of the Armed Forces under Sisi 3.2 The Expansion of the Armed Forces under Sisi
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4. Religion in Egypt 4. Religion in Egypt
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4.1 Religious Diversity 4.1 Religious Diversity
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4.1.1 Judaism in Egypt 4.1.1 Judaism in Egypt
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4.1.2 Christianity in Egypt 4.1.2 Christianity in Egypt
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4.1.3 Islam in Egypt 4.1.3 Islam in Egypt
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5. Lack of Political Freedoms 5. Lack of Political Freedoms
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5.1 One-Party Politics under Nasser 5.1 One-Party Politics under Nasser
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5.2 The 1971 Constitution under Sadat and Mubarak 5.2 The 1971 Constitution under Sadat and Mubarak
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5.3 The State of Emergency in Egypt 5.3 The State of Emergency in Egypt
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5.4 Contemporary Egypt under Sisi 5.4 Contemporary Egypt under Sisi
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6. Conclusion 6. Conclusion
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Bibliography Bibliography
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10 Taking Power from the People: Shifting Constitutional Identity in Egypt
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Published:February 2024
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Abstract
The notion of constitutional identity is contested, with little agreement about how it may be defined. This chapter focuses on Egypt, where identities are multiple and have been subject to both external and internal influences, and asks what the indigenous constitutional identity of Egypt is. Despite having had no written constitution prior to 1923, Egypt has long been influenced by Islamic, Ottoman, and later British occupations and, as a result, their laws and codes. In recent years, a process of amendment in 2016 and 2019 has drastically shifted the meaning and content of the Egyptian constitution arguably away from representation of the people and in a more autocratic direction, one reminiscent of the 1923 Constitution and its enshrinement of hereditary monarchy. This chapter considers whether the Egyptian constitution—like a chameleon—has changed to match the environment in which it exists and what fundamental elements it has drawn from Egypt’s history.
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