
Contents
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9.1 When do we expect co-operation? 9.1 When do we expect co-operation?
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9.2 Intrasexual co-operation 9.2 Intrasexual co-operation
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9.2.1 Between males 9.2.1 Between males
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9.2.2 Between females 9.2.2 Between females
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9.3 Intersexual co-operation 9.3 Intersexual co-operation
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9.3.1 Biparental care: Conflict and co-operation 9.3.1 Biparental care: Conflict and co-operation
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9.3.2 Are indirect fitness benefits significant? 9.3.2 Are indirect fitness benefits significant?
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9.4 Summary 9.4 Summary
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References References
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9 Co-operation Between the Sexes
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Published:March 2024
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Abstract
Co-operative strategies to enhance breeding performance are employed intrasexually as well as intersexually. For example, males may co-operate with other males to maximize their access to females. In contrast, females may collaborate with other females to maximize the quantity or quality of offspring they produce. When co-operation with the other sex increases the reproductive success of each individual, they may work together to rear offspring. A male or female uses individuals of the other sex like any other object in their environment. Intersexually, we most often see co-operation when biparental care of offspring is required. Despite this collaboration between males and females, each is trying to optimize their lifetime fitness. As a result, conflict between the two sexes often arises, even during periods of co-operation.
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