
Contents
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1. Introduction 1. Introduction
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2. The Framework of Accountability 2. The Framework of Accountability
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2.1 Phases of Accountability 2.1 Phases of Accountability
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2.2 First Phase: Setting the Stage 2.2 First Phase: Setting the Stage
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2.3 Second Phase: Implementing the Obligation 2.3 Second Phase: Implementing the Obligation
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2.4 Third Phase: Holding to Account 2.4 Third Phase: Holding to Account
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2.5 Fourth Phase: Learning through Accountability 2.5 Fourth Phase: Learning through Accountability
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3. Accountability at the World Bank 3. Accountability at the World Bank
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4. Inspection Panel of the World Bank 4. Inspection Panel of the World Bank
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5. Inspection Panel Investigations 5. Inspection Panel Investigations
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5.1 Yacyretá Dam 5.1 Yacyretá Dam
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5.2 Resettlement and Mumbai Urban Transport Project 5.2 Resettlement and Mumbai Urban Transport Project
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5.3 Forest Reform in Democratic Republic of Congo 5.3 Forest Reform in Democratic Republic of Congo
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6. Fact-finding Bodies to Resolve Disputes 6. Fact-finding Bodies to Resolve Disputes
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7. The Inspection Panel as a Fact-Finding Body: Practicalities 7. The Inspection Panel as a Fact-Finding Body: Practicalities
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8. Evaluating Independent Accountability Mechanisms for Dispute Settlement 8. Evaluating Independent Accountability Mechanisms for Dispute Settlement
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8.1 Accessibility 8.1 Accessibility
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8.2 Credibility 8.2 Credibility
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8.3 Effectiveness 8.3 Effectiveness
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8.4 Efficiency 8.4 Efficiency
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9. Conclusion: The Value of the Independent Accountability Mechanisms in MDBs 9. Conclusion: The Value of the Independent Accountability Mechanisms in MDBs
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements
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24 The Human Right to a Clean Environment and the Jurisprudence of International Courts and Tribunal
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12 Independent Accountability Mechanisms in Dispute Settlement
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Published:January 2024
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Abstract
Within the last three decades, a new form of institution has emerged to give voice to citizens and affected people to enable them to hold multilateral development banks (MDBs) accountable. The body, known as an independent accountability mechanism (IAM), addresses disputes between those affected by an organization’s projects or programmes and management and staff of the organization. Independent accountability mechanisms offer attractive, less formal means for resolving disputes about the effects of development projects on local people. They build upon the long tradition of fact finding and commissions of inquiry in international law. The IAMs can investigate, consider all relevant information, engage directly with those bringing the dispute, retain flexibility for remedies for those responding to the findings, and provide insights on avoiding practices that cause harm. They give voice to those who are harmed or could be harmed by an institution’s actions. To be effective, they need to be accessible, credible, independent, and trusted by all parties.
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