
Contents
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Fight or Run? Fight or Run?
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Trust or Refuse? Trust or Refuse?
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Shoot or Pass? Shoot or Pass?
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Kinds of Search Kinds of Search
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Cues or Alternatives Cues or Alternatives
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Inside or Outside Memory Inside or Outside Memory
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Exhaustive or Limited Search Exhaustive or Limited Search
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Heuristic Versus Optimal Search Heuristic Versus Optimal Search
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Learning How to Search and When to Stop Learning How to Search and When to Stop
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Scope Scope
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Building Blocks of Heuristics Building Blocks of Heuristics
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Models of Search Models of Search
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Random Search Random Search
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Search Using Discrimination and Validity Search Using Discrimination and Validity
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Recency Search Recency Search
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Fluency Search Fluency Search
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Search by Accessibility Search by Accessibility
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Models of Stopping Search Models of Stopping Search
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Stopping After Discriminating Cues Stopping After Discriminating Cues
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Stopping After a Fixed Number of Cues Stopping After a Fixed Number of Cues
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Dependencies Between Search, Stopping, and Decision Rules Dependencies Between Search, Stopping, and Decision Rules
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Do People Adapt Search and Stopping Rules to Environmental Structures? Do People Adapt Search and Stopping Rules to Environmental Structures?
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Search Versus Givens Search Versus Givens
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Search in Memory Versus Inferences From Givens Search in Memory Versus Inferences From Givens
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External Search Versus Inferences From Givens External Search Versus Inferences From Givens
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Search in Structured Environments Search in Structured Environments
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Noncompensatory Environments Noncompensatory Environments
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Variability in Cue Validity Variability in Cue Validity
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Cue Redundancy Cue Redundancy
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Costs of Cues Costs of Cues
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Time Pressure Time Pressure
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Limited Search Is a Basic Element of Cognition Limited Search Is a Basic Element of Cognition
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10 Efficient Cognition Through Limited Search
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Published:March 2012
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Abstract
In psychology, there has been a puzzling preference for theories that ignore search and stopping. In judgment and decision-making research, for instance, many approaches, including expected utility theories, prospect theory, and multiple cue probability learning, do not model information search. This chapter addresses this lapse from the perspective of ecological rationality, providing a conceptual framework for limited search, including models of search and stopping rules. Some environments present information simultaneously, others sequentially, and different decision tools will work better or worse depending on this and other aspects of the environment structure. Three questions are addressed: Which rules for information search and stopping do humans possess? In which environmental structures is a given search or stopping rule ecologically rational? Do people adapt their search and stopping rules to environmental structures?
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