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12 The Transition’s Population Crisis: Nuptiality, Fertility, and Mortality Changes in Severely Distressed Economies
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Published:April 1999
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Abstract
In most of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (hereafter referred to in brief as ‘Eastern Europe’, unless explicitly specified), the economic and political reforms since 1989 have been accompanied by an unprecedented fall in output, a rapid impoverishment of large sections of society, increasing uncertainty about the future and an exceptional population crisis. For instance, between 1989 and 1994, marriage rates fell by between one-quarter and one-half in Georgia; birth rates shrank by up to 40 per cent, as in Estonia, and death rates among male adults due to cardiovascular and violent causes more than doubled, as in Russia (UNICEF 1994, 1995). To give an idea of the extent of the recent demographic crisis, it suffices to mention that by 1994 the life expectancy at birth of Russian males had fallen to the same level as that of Pakistani males, while the natural increase of the population had become negative in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, the three Baltic countries, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.
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