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In discussing the translatability of medieval texts, I have inevitably had to contend with issues of linguistic, cultural, and historical intelligibility in my own translations of those texts. With few exceptions, translations into English are my own. I have often consulted published translations, where available, and indicate where I am quoting from or adapting them. My translations have benefitted from numerous conversations with colleagues and friends who specialize in the languages in question. Maude Vanhalen and Ingrid de Smet were kind enough to advise on some of my Latin translations. Christine Achinger helped me with Walter Benjamin’s German. I acknowledge other direct debts in my notes.
In most cases, I aim for functional translations that convey the sense and significant nuances of the source text, medieval or modern. I have not presumed that readers of this book are familiar with languages other than English, though many, of course, will be. All my translations are presented alongside the source so readers can compare source text and translated text. As far as possible, I have tried to make the translated text legible as an interpretation of the source. Where lexemes have multiple meanings that could affect the understanding of a passage, I include more than one, separated by a forward stroke (/). I have sometimes added elements to make translations sound more natural in English; these additions are placed within square brackets.
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