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Abstract
Ramon Llull’s accounts of the arts of language display an intriguing attempt to assert a new medieval Christian understanding of the ancient ideal of uniting eloquence and wisdom. Llull’s zeal for retracing the arts to theology encourages him to follow the traditional perspective established since the earliest patristic apologists. Augustine’s De doctrina christiana comprehensively defines this view: the first three books substitute Christian truth for pagan philosophy as wisdom, while the fourth book recommends adapting traditional skills of rhetoric to Christian evangelism as eloquence. Nonetheless, Llull never recognizes the union of eloquence and wisdom as a fundamental spiritual or intellectual good, probably because he lacks the training in the arts curriculum that would have familiarized him with the auctores—es pecially the famous opening paragraphs of Cicero’s De inventione—that expound this ideal. Indeed, he never seems to recognize that his own insistence on virtue in speaking might share some of the same goals as the Scholastic curricula that he so often denounces. As I explained in chapter 1, his antiacademic arguments usually lament the neglect of Christian truth in the schools. Therefore Llull’s plan for uniting eloquence and wisdom is to rectify all uses of language by reestablishing their moral finality. In short, he seeks to moralize secular and sacred eloquence alike as verbal exercises of virtue.
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