The Image of Gender and Political Leadership: A Multinational View of Women and Leadership
The Image of Gender and Political Leadership: A Multinational View of Women and Leadership
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Abstract
This is the first multi-country, factorial experiment on candidate gender designed to avoid social desirability bias and provide a real-world measure of the importance of gender via direct quantitative contrasts with party effect size (the experimental control, which was statistically significant in all cases). The eight countries: Canada in Alberta and Quebec, Chile, Costa Rica, England, Israel, Sweden, Uruguay, and the United States in California and Texas, are established presidential and parliamentary democracies that jointly offer variance on incorporation of women in government, policy agenda, electoral rules, and party system. Young-adult participants come from highly diverse socioeconomic backgrounds in all cases. Political science and psychology literatures are the basis of a multi-dimensional framework about how context molds mental templates of leadership, yielding eleven hypotheses. The 2×2×2 experimental factors, treatments (a lengthy candidate speech with partisan jargon and buzz words), field implementation, and ANOVA techniques used for analysis are outlined in detail. Resident in-country experts who implemented the experiment interpret findings against key country-specific historic and current events in separate country chapters, followed by a chapter providing a meta-analysis of all hypotheses across cases. Though many broad and case specific conclusions can be drawn, the main finding is that traditional leadership images (leaders are men) appear only where defense dominates the political agenda. Otherwise, in diverse contexts, women candidates are accepted as leaders by the participants, indicating young adults’ approval of women’s ability to hold diverse posts, win votes, and manage stereotypically masculine policy areas.
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Front Matter
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Part I Mental Templates of Leaders and Designing an Experiment to Study Templates
Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson andNehemia Geva -
Part II Findings in Individual Cases
Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson andNehemia Geva-
3
Costa Rica—Where Urban Young People View Women as Leaders
Gerardo Hernández Naranjo andMichelle M. Taylor-Robinson
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4
The Masculine Template in Perceived Competence of Women in Israeli Politics
Ayala Yarkoney-Sorek andNehemia Geva
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5
Attitudes Toward Women in Government: Evidence from an Experiment in Canada’s Alberta and Quebec Provinces
Melanee Thomas and others
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Young Adults’ Attitudes to Women Candidates in Uruguay: No Obstacle to Change
Niki Johnson
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England: Young People View Women as Leaders
Claire Annesley and others
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Party over Gender: Young Adults’ Evaluations of Political Leaders in California and Texas
Kostanca Dhima andJennifer M. Piscopo
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A Generation Without Political Gender Biases? The Case of Sweden
Elin Bjarnegård and others
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Chile’s Shift to the Left and the Rise of Women
Alejandra Ramm and others
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Costa Rica—Where Urban Young People View Women as Leaders
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Part III Cross-National Findings and Conclusions
Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson andNehemia Geva -
End Matter
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