
Contents
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Epistemic Transformation Epistemic Transformation
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Transformed Premises Transformed Premises
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ʿUlamāʾ in the Early Centuries ʿUlamāʾ in the Early Centuries
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Dominance of Ḥadīth Dominance of Ḥadīth
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Formation of Shīʿī Ḥadīth Collections Formation of Shīʿī Ḥadīth Collections
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Discourse Formation through Ḥadīth Compilation Discourse Formation through Ḥadīth Compilation
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Appropriating from Competing Sects Appropriating from Competing Sects
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Modifications to the Imāmate Modifications to the Imāmate
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3 The Age of Perplexity: From Moderate Shīʿism to Twelver Shīʿism
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Published:December 2022
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Abstract
This chapter shows that Shīʿism experienced an epistemic transformation in the first century of the Major Occultation. The compilation of ḥadīth collections played a role in shaping this epistemic transformation, as it was through these collections that Shīʿī thinkers began to engage in discourse production. It will be argued that a considerable proportion of the fundamental elements of Shīʿī political theology were formed at this time. Among these elements were the transfer of the religious and political authority of the Imāms to the ʿulamāʾ, the fixing of the number of Imāms at twelve, and the messianic conceptualization of the twelfth Imām. In fact, it was with the messianic conceptualization of the twelfth Imām that theocratic secularism was embedded in Shīʿī theology in the form that has persisted until the present day. This conceptualization transformed the nature of the Shīʿa’s hope and expectation about the formation of the ideal Shīʿī government from a concrete hope for the here and now to a distant anticipation of an unknown future time dependent on transcendental factors.
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