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Introduction Introduction
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Yaws Yaws
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Pathogenesis Pathogenesis
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Primary yaws Primary yaws
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Secondary yaws Secondary yaws
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Latent yaws Latent yaws
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Tertiary yaws Tertiary yaws
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Attenuated disease Attenuated disease
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Bejel Bejel
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Pinta Pinta
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Serology Serology
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Microscopy Microscopy
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Molecular techniques Molecular techniques
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Susceptibility in vitro and in vivo Susceptibility in vitro and in vivo
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Treatment Treatment
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Second-line agents Second-line agents
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Adjunctive therapy Adjunctive therapy
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Prevention and control Prevention and control
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Further reading Further reading
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8.6.36 Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta
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Published:January 2020
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Abstract
The endemic treponematoses are chronic, granulomatous diseases caused by morphologically and serologically identical spirochaetes of the genus Treponema. They are spread by intimate but non-sexual contact and possibly by fomites, mainly among children. Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue causing yaws (framboesia), T. pallidum subsp. endemicum causing endemic syphilis (bejel) and T. carateum causing pinta (carate) are distinguishable from T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, causing venereal syphilis, by their epidemiology and pathological effects and genomic structure (e.g. the arp gene). Despite the successful WHO/UNICEF mass penicillin treatment campaign (1952–1964), there has been a resurgence of yaws, mainly in West Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. Children living in rural areas in warm, humid climates in tropical countries are most affected by yaws. About 10% of untreated cases develop late, disfiguring, or crippling lesions of skin, bone, and cartilage.
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