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Limited Guidance from the Ideological Heritage Limited Guidance from the Ideological Heritage
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Increased Discretion Delegated to Communist Regimes Increased Discretion Delegated to Communist Regimes
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Clash between Ideals and Reality Clash between Ideals and Reality
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Nationalism Nationalism
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Pathways to Power Pathways to Power
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Timing of Revolutions Timing of Revolutions
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Nuclearism Nuclearism
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Affluence and Liberty Affluence and Liberty
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The Role of Leaders and Leadership The Role of Leaders and Leadership
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41 Why the Drive to Difference?
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Published:July 2021
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Abstract
This chapter inquires as to the factors that drove the drive to difference within the communist world. Factors discussed include limited guidance from the ideological heritage (Marxism and Leninism) as to how to proceed after “building socialism,” the clash between the ideals of Marxism and the realities of governing an elite-dominated system, the shortage economy, the reality of bureaucratism, varieties of nationalism among the communist states, diverse pathways to power among those states, differences in the timing of the many communist revolutions, nuclearism, the realities of affluence and liberty in the capitalist world, and the idiosyncrasies of certain leaders within the communist world.
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