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Book cover for The Digital Continent: Placing Africa in Planetary Networks of Work The Digital Continent: Placing Africa in Planetary Networks of Work
Mohammad Amir Anwar and Mark Graham
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840800.001.0001
Published online:
17 February 2022
Published in print:
03 February 2022
Online ISBN:
9780191876455
Print ISBN:
9780198840800

Contents

Book cover for The Digital Continent: Placing Africa in Planetary Networks of Work The Digital Continent: Placing Africa in Planetary Networks of Work
Mohammad Amir Anwar and Mark Graham
Front Matter

List of Figures

https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840800.002.0006
Pages
xii–xiii
  • Published:
    February 2022
Subject
Economic Development and Growth
Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
0.1

Shipping containers acting as a makeshift training centre Source: Anwar and Graham, 2020b. Reproduced with permission.  xvii

0.2

Image annotation for a machine learning system Source: Anwar and Graham, 2020b. Reproduced with permission.  xviii

2.1

Worldwide dependence on commodity exports, 2013–2017 (percentage) Source: UNCTAD, 2019a. Reproduced with permission.  21

2.2

Distribution of income in Africa by quintile Source: Reproduced with permission from the World Bank (n.d.) under CC BY 4.0 licence.  23

2.3

Individuals using the internet 2005–2019 Source: ITU, 2019: 1. Reproduced with permission from ITU.  37

3.1

ICT Park in Tema, Ghana, with its only local BPO firm in the background Source: Authors, May 2017  52

3.2

Upwork’s filter menu. Source: Screenshot from 22 May 2019.  67

3.3

Emails sent to workers notifying them of suspension and cancellation of their accounts  67

3.4

Market share of different platforms in Africa (May–November 2018) Source: Authors’ calculations based on data from SimilarWeb.com.  69

3.5

The global distribution of online labour supply and demand (Upwork) Source: Authors calculations based on data from Upwork from November 2018.  70

3.6

Remote labour supply in Africa Source: Authors’ calculations via web-scraping on Upwork in November 2018.  72

3.7

The largest global suppliers of online labour compared with African regions Source: Authors’ calculations via web-scraping on Upwork in November 2018.  73

3.8

Market share of countries with vacancies posted on major online labour platforms in June 2020  74

3.9

Regional distribution of labour supply on work platforms  75

3.10

Top 15 countries and their market share for labour supply on work platforms Source for 3.8, 3.9, 3.10: Online Labour Index at Kässi and Lehdonvirta, 2018.  75

3.11

Total amount and hourly rates earned on Upwork by world region Source: Authors’ calculations via web-scraping on Upwork in November 2018.  77

3.12

Gender distribution in the South African remote gig economy Source: Authors’ calculations based on data from Upwork from November 2018.  78

5.1

 Working environment of two contact centres in Johannesburg. Source: Reproduced with permission from Anwar and Graham, 2019: fig. 1.  120

5.2

A fixed price job for article writing advertised on Upwork by a UK-based client Source: Reproduced with permission from Anwar and Graham, 2019: fig. 2.  128

5.3

Workers’ performance boards, analog (left) and electronic (right) Source: Reproduced with permission from Anwar and Graham, 2019: fig. 2.  138

5.4

Various platforms advertising pay protection for clients Source: Reproduced with permission from Anwar and Graham, 2020a: fig. 1, published under the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 licence.  144

6.1

Upwork’s time tracker (a) and screenshot capture (b) Source: Reproduced with permission from Anwar and Graham, 2020c: 1281, fig. 2.  168

6.2

The commoditized nature of jobs lacking details on Upwork Source: Reproduced with permission from Anwar and Graham, 2020c: 1285, fig. 3.  178

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