
Contents
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The Persistent Female Offender: Assessing the Evidence The Persistent Female Offender: Assessing the Evidence
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Characteristics of the Persistent Female Offender Characteristics of the Persistent Female Offender
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Age of Onset Age of Onset
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Duration of Offending Duration of Offending
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Types of Offenses Types of Offenses
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Sex-Specific Predictors and Developmental Discontinuity Sex-Specific Predictors and Developmental Discontinuity
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Risk Factors for Female Offending Risk Factors for Female Offending
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Biological Risk Factors Biological Risk Factors
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Psychological Risk Factors Psychological Risk Factors
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Social Risk Factors Social Risk Factors
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Victimization Victimization
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Family Family
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Interpersonal Relationships Interpersonal Relationships
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Protective Factors for Female Offending Protective Factors for Female Offending
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Biological Biological
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Social Social
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Differential Outcomes in Adulthood Differential Outcomes in Adulthood
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Individual Level Outcomes Individual Level Outcomes
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Mental Health Problems Mental Health Problems
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Substance Abuse Problems Substance Abuse Problems
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Social/Familial Level Outcomes Social/Familial Level Outcomes
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Interpersonal and Societal Costs Interpersonal and Societal Costs
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Conclusions Conclusions
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CHAPTER 10 Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Persistent Female Offending: A Review of Theory and Research
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Published:January 2009
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Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence documenting a persistent female offender group and their characteristics. Though small, this group has some defining characteristics. Overall, the evidence shows that fewer girls compared to boys follow the early onset, chronic offending pathway. For persistent female offenders, delinquency begins early and is more serious, frequent, and consistent than average female offending. However, the offending trajectories of this group end more abruptly in adulthood compared to those of persistent male offenders. Compared to their male counterparts, chronic female offenders also tend to engage in more nonviolent (particularly drug) offenses. Despite some gendered variation in offending patterns, research indicates that the majority of risk/protective factors are gender invariant. The chapter does, however, highlight those risk factors that are particularly salient for girls (e.g., brain asymmetry, comorbid mental health problems, early interpersonal victimization, and adversarial interpersonal relationships). We then examine how female persisters fare in adulthood, both in general and compared to their male counterparts. Among the most troubling outcomes for this group are violent relationships, early/poor parenting, and higher mortality rates. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the interpersonal and societal costs of chronic female offending and a call for more research and policy attention directed toward this particularly troubled group.
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