
Contents
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Definitions Definitions
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Prevalence Prevalence
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Alternative Work Arrangements Alternative Work Arrangements
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Independent Work Arrangements Independent Work Arrangements
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Forces Driving Changes in Work Arrangements Forces Driving Changes in Work Arrangements
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Demographic Changes Demographic Changes
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Gender Gender
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Older Workers Older Workers
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Knowledge-Based Economy Knowledge-Based Economy
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Globalization Globalization
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Technological Advances Technological Advances
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The Demographics of the Independent Workforce The Demographics of the Independent Workforce
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Country Country
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Industries and Occupations Industries and Occupations
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Gender Gender
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Age Age
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Education Education
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Positive and Negative Characteristics of Emerging Career Pathways Positive and Negative Characteristics of Emerging Career Pathways
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Positive Characteristics Positive Characteristics
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Flexibility Flexibility
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Autonomy Autonomy
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Opportunity to Gain and Apply Skills Quickly Opportunity to Gain and Apply Skills Quickly
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Efficiency in Use of Capital Resources Efficiency in Use of Capital Resources
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Increased Labor Force Participation and Supplementary Income Increased Labor Force Participation and Supplementary Income
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Negative Characteristics Negative Characteristics
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Less Likely to Receive Benefits Less Likely to Receive Benefits
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Lower Average Earnings Lower Average Earnings
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Lack of Advancement Opportunity Lack of Advancement Opportunity
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Instability and Lack of Structure Instability and Lack of Structure
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Wage Polarization and Skill Segregation Wage Polarization and Skill Segregation
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The Importance of Career Pathways The Importance of Career Pathways
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Shaping Career Pathways for Today and for the Future Shaping Career Pathways for Today and for the Future
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Career Theory Perspectives on Emerging Career Pathways Career Theory Perspectives on Emerging Career Pathways
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Boundaryless Careers Boundaryless Careers
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Protean Careers Protean Careers
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Changes in the Focus of Careers Changes in the Focus of Careers
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Shaping Careers Shaping Careers
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Individual Perspective Individual Perspective
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Organization Perspective Organization Perspective
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Future Directions for Research and Practice Future Directions for Research and Practice
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Note Note
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References References
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15 Emerging Career Pathways: Alternative and Independent Work Arrangements
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Published:February 2020
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Abstract
Work arrangements are evolving rapidly throughout the world. Coupled with rapid changes in jobs and the movement to a global labor market, this is creating new career pathways. This chapter examines changes in work arrangements and how these changes are impacting career pathways. Major forces driving transformations in work arrangements and career pathways are addressed, and differences by country, global geographic region, and occupational area in the prevalence of alternative and independent work arrangements are described. Positive and negative aspects of changes in work arrangements are delineated, and the shifting focus of individual careers is discussed. The chapter also explores how individuals and organizations can shape career pathways in the new work environment. The implications of these changes for future research and practice are discussed.
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