
Contents
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I. Bosnian Citizens’ Acceptance of Fundamental Facts of Wartime Atrocities I. Bosnian Citizens’ Acceptance of Fundamental Facts of Wartime Atrocities
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A. What Should Bosnians Know, Say They Know, and Condemn? A. What Should Bosnians Know, Say They Know, and Condemn?
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B. Awareness of War Crimes as Reflected in Surveys B. Awareness of War Crimes as Reflected in Surveys
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1. Overview of Survey Results: Ethnic Cleavages 1. Overview of Survey Results: Ethnic Cleavages
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C. Encounters with Denial and Acknowledgment C. Encounters with Denial and Acknowledgment
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1. Serb Citizens 1. Serb Citizens
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2. Bosniak Citizens 2. Bosniak Citizens
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3. Croat Citizens 3. Croat Citizens
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II. Accounting for Denialism II. Accounting for Denialism
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A. Motivated Reasoning, Social Identity, and Historical Memory A. Motivated Reasoning, Social Identity, and Historical Memory
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B. Belief Perseverance: Confirmation Biases B. Belief Perseverance: Confirmation Biases
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C. Community Pressure and Fear of Speaking Out C. Community Pressure and Fear of Speaking Out
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D. Elite Discourses, the Incentives that Shape Their Content, and Their Impact on Acknowledgment D. Elite Discourses, the Incentives that Shape Their Content, and Their Impact on Acknowledgment
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1. Key Themes of Dominant Discourses and Their Resonance for Target Audiences 1. Key Themes of Dominant Discourses and Their Resonance for Target Audiences
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2. Elite Motivations 2. Elite Motivations
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E. A “Hostile Environment” for Acknowledgment E. A “Hostile Environment” for Acknowledgment
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F. The Distinct Effects of Ethnic Division F. The Distinct Effects of Ethnic Division
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G. Absence of Local Truth Commissions? G. Absence of Local Truth Commissions?
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III. ICTY Impact on Official Acknowledgment III. ICTY Impact on Official Acknowledgment
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A. Acknowledgment by Serb Leaders and Institutions A. Acknowledgment by Serb Leaders and Institutions
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B. Acknowledgment by Leaders of Other Ethnic Groups B. Acknowledgment by Leaders of Other Ethnic Groups
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IV. Communicating with Regional Communities IV. Communicating with Regional Communities
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A. A Remote Court A. A Remote Court
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B. Bridging the Gap B. Bridging the Gap
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C. Reaching Youth C. Reaching Youth
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D. Communicate What? D. Communicate What?
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V. A Foundation for Future Acknowledgment? V. A Foundation for Future Acknowledgment?
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8 Living in Compulsory Denial (Bosnia)
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Published:April 2018
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Abstract
Many Bosnians hoped the Tribunal would dispel denial and forge a shared understanding among their country’s ethnic communities about wartime atrocities. During a period of robust international engagement in the early years of the twenty-first century, there was significant progress in Serb acknowledgment of Serb atrocities, as well as acknowledgment by other ethnic groups that members of their in-group committed war crimes. Since 2006, however, there has been a sharp rise in nationalist rhetoric, which has included strident rejection of ICTY judgments. Moreover public opinion surveys reflect sharp cleavages among Bosnia’s major ethnic groups concerning beliefs about wartime atrocities. This chapter explores factors behind these trends, including the dynamics of competitive victimhood, the polarizing incentives of governance structures established in the Dayton Peace Agreement, and the retreat of the Office High Representative from robust engagement in Bosnia at a time of rising nationalism.
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