
Contents
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Local pressures Local pressures
-
Coral diseases Coral diseases
-
Coral reef fishing Coral reef fishing
-
-
-
-
-
7 (page 85)p. 85C7Regional scale pressures on reefs
Get access-
Published:April 2021
Cite
Abstract
One consequence of the extremely high biodiversity found on reefs is the enormous number of interlocking connections between components. But connections can be destroyed by many kinds of stressors such as pollutants, as can the species themselves. Some species or processes have high redundancy—if destroyed others can fill their role on a reef—while other species or processes may be more or less irreplaceable, in which case when they are destroyed key processes maintaining a healthy reef can be destroyed too. Because so many countries and human communities are dependent on reefs, reef degradation, which is now occurring on a very worrying scale, is of increasing concern. Impacts fall into two main categories: those caused by numerous, usually localized, impacts, such as different forms of pollution and shoreline developments that create large quantities of sediment; and those caused by the more recently recognized, and probably more serious, long-term factors associated with climate change. All of these are ultimately interlinked and all are caused by human activities. Many occur concurrently, each exacerbating the harmful effects of others, and many are synergistic in their impacts. Sewage, nutrient run-off, landfill, dredging, and sedimentation are most important, as are chemicals, pesticides, and metals. Coral diseases are increasing also, commonly as a result. In many areas now too overfishing has become critical and may be the most ecosystem-distorting factor of all.
Sign in
Personal account
- Sign in with email/username & password
- Get email alerts
- Save searches
- Purchase content
- Activate your purchase/trial code
- Add your ORCID iD
Purchase
Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.
Purchasing informationMonth: | Total Views: |
---|---|
October 2022 | 1 |
November 2022 | 2 |
January 2023 | 2 |
February 2023 | 4 |
March 2023 | 2 |
April 2023 | 2 |
July 2023 | 2 |
August 2023 | 1 |
November 2023 | 1 |
February 2024 | 1 |
March 2024 | 4 |
April 2024 | 1 |
May 2024 | 4 |
June 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 2 |
August 2024 | 1 |
November 2024 | 1 |
December 2024 | 2 |
January 2025 | 1 |
February 2025 | 1 |
May 2025 | 1 |
Get help with access
Institutional access
Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:
IP based access
Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Sign in through your institution
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Sign in with a library card
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
Society Members
Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:
Sign in through society site
Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
Sign in using a personal account
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.
Personal account
A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Viewing your signed in accounts
Click the account icon in the top right to:
Signed in but can't access content
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
Institutional account management
For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.