
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Pathophysiology Pathophysiology
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Normal growth in term infants Normal growth in term infants
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Normal growth in premature babies Normal growth in premature babies
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Classification of faltering growth (FG) Classification of faltering growth (FG)
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Reduced intake of nutrients Reduced intake of nutrients
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Inability to digest or absorb nutrients Inability to digest or absorb nutrients
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Excessive loss of nutrients Excessive loss of nutrients
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Increased nutrient requirements due to underlying disease Increased nutrient requirements due to underlying disease
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Unable to fully utilize nutrients Unable to fully utilize nutrients
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Conditions associated with skin problems Conditions associated with skin problems
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Neonates (up to 1 month) Neonates (up to 1 month)
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Infancy (up to 2y) Infancy (up to 2y)
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Children (2y and over) Children (2y and over)
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Rare skin disorders associated with faltering growth (FG) to consider Rare skin disorders associated with faltering growth (FG) to consider
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Clinical evaluation Clinical evaluation
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History History
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Examination Examination
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Initial investigations Initial investigations
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Classification Classification
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Management Management
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FG in low- and middle-income countries FG in low- and middle-income countries
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Kwashiorkor Kwashiorkor
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Marasmus Marasmus
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Cite
Abstract
Normal growth measurement and the basic causes for failure to thrive are described and illustrated in this chapter. Causes given are an increased requirement of nutrients due to chronic disease, a reduced intake, an increased loss, or a failure to either digest, absorb, or utilize them. Causality should be determined from a good clinical history and examination to help determine pertinent investigations and guide clinical management. The many and varied associated skin disorders are helpfully categorized under different age groups. Causes given include immunodeficiency (genetic or acquired), specific diseases such as Omenn syndrome, Netherton syndrome, acrodermatitis enteropathica, epidermolysis bullosa, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Malnutrition, usually kwashiorkor or marasmus, is suggested to be the main cause in low-income countries. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended for seriously ill children with admission to a specialist unit when necessary.
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