
Published online:
01 November 2020
Published in print:
01 January 2021
Online ISBN:
9780191799501
Print ISBN:
9780198734949
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Adrenaline (epinephrine) Adrenaline (epinephrine)
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Adult Adult
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Cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest
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Acute anaphylaxis Acute anaphylaxis
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Child Child
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Cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest
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Acute anaphylaxis Acute anaphylaxis
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-
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Amiodarone Amiodarone
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Description Description
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Effects Effects
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Presentation Presentation
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Adult Adult
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-
Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Aspirin Aspirin
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
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Atropine Atropine
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Chlorphenamine Chlorphenamine
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Symptomatic relief of allergy—oral Symptomatic relief of allergy—oral
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Anaphylaxis—intravenous or intramuscular Anaphylaxis—intravenous or intramuscular
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Cautions
Cautions
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Compound analgesics Compound analgesics
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Adults Adults
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Child Child
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Diamorphine Diamorphine
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Cautions
Cautions
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Technique Technique
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Diazepam Diazepam
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Adult Adult
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Intravenous Intravenous
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Rectal Rectal
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Children (not licensed for sedation) Children (not licensed for sedation)
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Rectal (doses can be repeated at 10 minutes if required) Rectal (doses can be repeated at 10 minutes if required)
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Intravenous (doses can be repeated at 10 minutes if required) Intravenous (doses can be repeated at 10 minutes if required)
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Diclofenac Diclofenac
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Adult Adult
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Child (oral only) Child (oral only)
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Cautions
Cautions
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Fentanyl Fentanyl
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Intravenous injection (over at least 30 seconds) Intravenous injection (over at least 30 seconds)
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Adult Adult
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Child (not licensed for <2 years) Child (not licensed for <2 years)
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Buccal (licensed for chronic cancer pain only) Buccal (licensed for chronic cancer pain only)
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Adult & child >16 years Adult & child >16 years
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Intranasal Intranasal
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Child Child
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-
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Technique Technique
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-
Flumazenil Flumazenil
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Furosemide Furosemide
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Cautions
Cautions
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Glucagon Glucagon
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Glucose (including dextrose) Glucose (including dextrose)
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia
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Fluid replacement Fluid replacement
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Glyceryl trinitrate Glyceryl trinitrate
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose (adults)
Dose (adults)
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Angina (treatment of attack) Angina (treatment of attack)
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Acute heart failure Acute heart failure
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Cautions
Cautions
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Note Note
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Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Adult Adult
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Child Child
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Asthma Asthma
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Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis
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-
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Ibuprofen Ibuprofen
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Cautions
Cautions
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Ipratropium bromide Ipratropium bromide
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
-
Dose (acute severe asthma and bronchospasm)
Dose (acute severe asthma and bronchospasm)
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Ketamine Ketamine
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Anaesthesia Anaesthesia
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Analgesia Analgesia
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-
Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Lidocaine Lidocaine
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Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
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Anti-arrhythmic Anti-arrhythmic
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Local anaesthesia Local anaesthesia
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Adult Adult
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Ventricular arrhythmias without gross circulatory impairment Ventricular arrhythmias without gross circulatory impairment
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Ventricular arrhythmias in smaller patients, or those whose circulation is severely impaired Ventricular arrhythmias in smaller patients, or those whose circulation is severely impaired
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Local anaesthesia Local anaesthesia
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Child Child
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Ventricular arrhythmias Ventricular arrhythmias
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Local anaesthesia Local anaesthesia
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-
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Lorazepam Lorazepam
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Magnesium Magnesium
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
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Indications Indications
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Dose
Dose
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Asthma Asthma
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VT, torsade de pointes, and refractory VF VT, torsade de pointes, and refractory VF
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Adult Adult
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Child (licensed for torsade de pointes only) Child (licensed for torsade de pointes only)
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-
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Cautions
Cautions
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Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
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Notes Notes
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Methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane
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Description Description
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Presentation Presentation
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Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
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Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Cautions
Cautions
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
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-
Metoclopramide Metoclopramide
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Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose (administered by slow IV over 3 minutes or IM injection)
Dose (administered by slow IV over 3 minutes or IM injection)
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
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-
Midazolam Midazolam
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Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Buccal administration (not licensed for conscious sedation of children under 6 months or adults over 18 years) Buccal administration (not licensed for conscious sedation of children under 6 months or adults over 18 years)
-
Children (sedation, unlicensed) Children (sedation, unlicensed)
-
Children (status epilepticus), repeat after 10 minutes if required (unlicensed) Children (status epilepticus), repeat after 10 minutes if required (unlicensed)
-
Adults (status epilepticus, unlicensed) Adults (status epilepticus, unlicensed)
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Slow IV injection Slow IV injection
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Children for procedural sedation Children for procedural sedation
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Children (status epilepticus, unlicensed) Children (status epilepticus, unlicensed)
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Adults (sedation, unlicensed) Adults (sedation, unlicensed)
-
Adults (status epilepticus, unlicensed) Adults (status epilepticus, unlicensed)
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-
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Cautions
Cautions
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
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-
Morphine Morphine
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Adult (pain) Adult (pain)
-
Adult (acute pulmonary oedema) Adult (acute pulmonary oedema)
-
Child (pain) Child (pain)
-
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Cautions
Cautions
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
-
-
Naloxone Naloxone
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Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose (IV preferred, IM usage possible if IV not available)
Dose (IV preferred, IM usage possible if IV not available)
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Cautions
Cautions
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
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-
Nitrous oxide/oxygen 50:50 (Entonox®) Nitrous oxide/oxygen 50:50 (Entonox®)
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
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-
Ondansetron Ondansetron
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Cautions
Cautions
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
-
-
Oxygen Oxygen
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Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Critically unwell patients (including major trauma) Critically unwell patients (including major trauma)
-
All other patients All other patients
-
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
-
Oxytocin Oxytocin
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Adults Adults
-
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Note Note
-
-
Paracetamol Paracetamol
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose Dose
-
Adult Adult
-
Oral Oral
-
Intravenous Intravenous
-
-
Child Child
-
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Cautions
Cautions
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
-
-
Rocuronium Rocuronium
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Cautions
Cautions
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
-
-
Salbutamol Salbutamol
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
-
-
Suxamethonium Suxamethonium
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose (intravenous)
Dose (intravenous)
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
-
-
Tenecteplase Tenecteplase
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
-
-
Tranexamic acid Tranexamic acid
-
Description Description
-
Presentation Presentation
-
Effects Effects
-
Indications Indications
-
Dose
Dose
-
Contraindications
Contraindications
-
Side-effects
Side-effects
-
Notes Notes
-
-
Paediatric doses Paediatric doses
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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Cite
Greaves, Ian, and Keith Porter, 'Formulary', Oxford Handbook of Pre-hospital Care, 2 edn, Oxford Medical Handbooks (Oxford , 2021; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Nov. 2020), https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734949.003.0004, accessed 14 May 2025.
Abstract
This chapter describes the drugs most commonly used in pre-hospital care. As a result, it is restricted to indications which are likely to be encountered in the pre-hospital management of patients and only describes formulations which are used in these circumstances. For example, the use of oral amiodarone is not discussed, neither is the use of oral steroids in the management of chronic inflammatory conditions, although intravenous steroids in acute asthma and anaphylaxis are mentioned. Significant acute side-effects are listed.
Subject
Emergency Medicine
Series
Oxford Medical Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Medicine Online
Disclaimer
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct.
Readers must therefore always …
More
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct.
Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets
provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or
legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages
and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.
© Oxford University Press
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