
Contents
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Woolf’s “Innumerable, Indescribable, Unthinkable” Spain Woolf’s “Innumerable, Indescribable, Unthinkable” Spain
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Spain’s Woolf Spain’s Woolf
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Ocampo, Frank, and “Our America” Ocampo, Frank, and “Our America”
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Sur, the Intersection of Europe and the Americas Sur, the Intersection of Europe and the Americas
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“Living History”: Woolf, Ocampo, Misogyny, and Fascism “Living History”: Woolf, Ocampo, Misogyny, and Fascism
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The Republic at War, British Literary Politics, and the Contexts of Woolf’s Activism The Republic at War, British Literary Politics, and the Contexts of Woolf’s Activism
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The Meaning of Death in Spain The Meaning of Death in Spain
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“Dead Bodies and Ruined Houses”: Spain, War, and Feminism “Dead Bodies and Ruined Houses”: Spain, War, and Feminism
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Woolf’s Hispanic “Outsiders” Woolf’s Hispanic “Outsiders”
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4. Virginia Woolf and the Spanish Civil War: Three Guineas, Victoria Ocampo, and International Feminism
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Published:October 2012
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Abstract
Chapter Four maps a feminist geography grounded in the collaborations between Victoria Ocampo and Virginia Woolf. It takes as its point of departure Woolf’s plan to “fight… English tyranny” in response to the death of beloved nephew Julian Bell in the Spanish war. She attempts to illuminate in Three Guineas (1938) the connections between fighting Spanish fascism and dismantling the English patriarchal system. I outline the ways in which Woolf, within an acrimonious and politicized British literary culture in the 1930s, comes to envision an intellectual space for cosmopolitan feminism and to attach it to Spain’s war. Here, she models the literary-political critiques and activism of her colleague Ocampo, with whom she conversed about fascism and masculinity as she composed Three Guineas, and an overlooked feminist editor and financier of modernism, especially through her review Sur in Buenos Aires. Ocampo also employed the form of the public epistle, marshaling Woolf’s feminism to fight battles far beyond those that Woolf conceived in her essay-letters. I follow Ocampo’s work through Argentina’s “Infamous Decade,” through her work with the North American writer and friend of Ortega’s Waldo Frank, through her autobiography, and finally through her dissidence and imprisonment during Juan Perón’s regime. Ocampo animated the cosmopolitan feminism that Woolf articulated, and their common ideals were staked in the 1930s to the survival of the Spanish Republic—the last, endangered hope for a European New Spain and its women.
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