
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Elements and Forces Elements and Forces
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Empedocles and the Standard Model Empedocles and the Standard Model
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The Cycles of the World The Cycles of the World
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Cycles in Modern Cosmology Cycles in Modern Cosmology
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Cosmic Calendar Cosmic Calendar
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It’s Experiment Time It’s Experiment Time
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Why Is the Sky Dark at Night? Why Is the Sky Dark at Night?
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The Origin and Evolution of the Species The Origin and Evolution of the Species
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Conclusion Conclusion
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10 The Chemistry of Love and Strife
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Published:July 2020
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Abstract
Empedocles managed to reconcile the antinomies between the Heraclitean becoming (the constant change) and the Parmenidean Being (the constancy) by introducing four unchangeable primary substances of matter: earth, water, air, and fire, later called elements, and two types of forces, love and strife. Change was produced when the opposite action of the forces mixed and separated the unchangeable elements in many different ways, an idea in basic agreement with modern chemistry or, more fundamentally, with the standard model of particle physics. Everlasting cosmological cycles, described in his unique cosmology, could have addressed successfully the deceptively simple question, Why is the sky dark at night? (known as Olbers’s paradox), before the cosmology of the big bang had it figured out in the twentieth century. Four primary substances of matter for Empedocles, but infinitely many for the mind of Anaxagoras, and everything is in everything.
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