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In the second half of the twentieth century, Hebrew Bible scholarship experienced substantial transformation. The spectacular unearthing of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Qumran), the no less important excavations of Mount Gerizim (the sanctuary of the Samaritans), and the epigraphic finds throughout Syria–Palestine have all produced a wealth of new material. These discoveries, alongside a diversity of new methodological approaches for investigating both literary and religious history, have cast new light upon the Hebrew Bible and set our conception of ancient Israel and early Judaism in the first millennium bce upon a new foundation. Orienting itself toward these shifts, this book concentrates on three distinct fields of research that have been particularly impacted by such changes: the history of Israel and Judah, the formation of the Hebrew Bible, and Jewish archives.
While the first two fields, i.e., history and literature, belong to the traditional curriculum of Hebrew Bible scholarship—despite their different treatment here in some respects—the third constitutes a field of research intimately connected with the first two but one that tends to draw attention only in the scope of more specialized inquiries: those places that either yielded Jewish manuscripts and documents (Elephantine, Al-Yahudu, Qumran) or are associated conspicuously with the tradition of the Hebrew Bible (Mount Gerizim, Jerusalem, Alexandria). Indeed, historical reconstruction presupposes analysis of the biblical literature and other source materials, yet the the re-presentation here proceeds in the opposite direction. It follows a factual and overall chronological order. The first part of the book, on Israelite and Judahite history, thus delimits the historical and religious context in which the biblical tradition emerged, while the second concerns the formation and history of that very tradition. As for the third and final part, it considers those places in which non-biblical as well as biblical texts were preserved, copied, edited, annotated, updated, and translated—be they firmly established, archaeologically verified, or literarily attested. At the center of this book lies a fundamental yet unanswered question: under which historical and sociological conditions and in which manner the Hebrew Bible became an authoritative tradition, that is, holy scripture and the canon of Judaism as well as Christianity.
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