
Contents
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Chapter Outline Chapter Outline
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Background: Thyroid Hormone, Iodine, and Selenium Background: Thyroid Hormone, Iodine, and Selenium
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Thyroid Hormone Controls Development in All Vertebrates: A Comparative and Historical Perspective Thyroid Hormone Controls Development in All Vertebrates: A Comparative and Historical Perspective
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Deiodinases and Selenium Deiodinases and Selenium
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Selenium and Mercury Selenium and Mercury
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Cretinism, Iodine Deficiency, and Iodized Salt Cretinism, Iodine Deficiency, and Iodized Salt
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How Much Iodine and Selenium Are Needed Each Day? How Much Iodine and Selenium Are Needed Each Day?
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Sea Salt Does Not Contain Iodine Sea Salt Does Not Contain Iodine
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Nutritional Sources of Iodine and Selenium Nutritional Sources of Iodine and Selenium
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Seafood, Iodine, and Theories of Brain Evolution Seafood, Iodine, and Theories of Brain Evolution
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Take-Home Messages and Questions for Future Research Take-Home Messages and Questions for Future Research
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References References
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2 Thyroid Hormone, Iodine, Selenium, and Mercury
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Published:August 2014
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Abstract
Iodine and selenium are required for the production and activation of thyroid hormone (TH). As TH is needed for brain development, iodine and selenium are required in the foetus and child and for normal brain growth. Iodine is needed to synthesise TH. Selenium is a constituent of the deiodinase enzyme that activates TH. A common environmental pollutant, mercury, interferes with selenium-based mechanisms and can therefore interfere with TH signalling by inhibiting deiodinase action. Pregnant and breastfeeding women and infants have particularly high requirements for TH and for iodine and selenium. TH deficiency during development causes intellectual disability. Extreme lack of iodine, and hence lack of TH, causes a particularly severe form known as cretinism. However, even mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy can have a detrimental effect on the child's cognitive development.
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