
Contents
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Educational Attainment: Comparison with Other Countries Educational Attainment: Comparison with Other Countries
-
Compulsory Elementary Education: Historical Evolution Compulsory Elementary Education: Historical Evolution
-
The RTE Act: A Critical Examination of the Financial Implications The RTE Act: A Critical Examination of the Financial Implications
-
-
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and the RTE Act Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and the RTE Act
-
Public Expenditure Public Expenditure
-
Schools by Management Type Schools by Management Type
-
Pupil‒Teacher Ratio Pupil‒Teacher Ratio
-
The Gender Gap The Gender Gap
-
Proximity to School and Other Dimensions Proximity to School and Other Dimensions
-
Progress in Individual States Progress in Individual States
-
-
Quality of Education Quality of Education
-
Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks
-
-
-
-
-
11 Elementary Education: Outcomes and Policies
Get access-
Published:April 2014
Cite
Abstract
The chapter begins by noting that while governments at all levels historically failed to give a big push to elementary and secondary education, the expenditure on elementary education has recently risen sharply reaching more than 3.5 percent of the GDP. It argues, however, that if the obligations under the recent Right To Education (RTE) Act are to be sincerely honored, much greater public resource allocation to the education sector will be necessary. The biggest challenge would be to see how a step up in expenditure could be done without threatening fiscal stability. The other serious concern with elementary education is the quality of education. While enrollments have climbed up, learning outcomes have steadily declined. In turn, this has led to increased shift into private schools. The student enrollment in private school increased from 18.6 per cent in 2006 to 28.3 percent in 2012. The chapter argues that the government needs to reintroduce a mandatory examination policy up to grade 8, which has been discontinued under the RTE Act.
Sign in
Personal account
- Sign in with email/username & password
- Get email alerts
- Save searches
- Purchase content
- Activate your purchase/trial code
- Add your ORCID iD
Purchase
Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.
Purchasing informationMonth: | Total Views: |
---|---|
October 2022 | 1 |
May 2023 | 1 |
September 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 1 |
May 2024 | 1 |
June 2024 | 4 |
July 2024 | 2 |
Get help with access
Institutional access
Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:
IP based access
Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Sign in through your institution
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Sign in with a library card
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
Society Members
Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:
Sign in through society site
Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
Sign in using a personal account
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.
Personal account
A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Viewing your signed in accounts
Click the account icon in the top right to:
Signed in but can't access content
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
Institutional account management
For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.