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A visitor to the Catalan region of Spain will nowadays encounter an assured air of purpose and prosperity, an exuberant creativity, and the pride of a dynamic people in its achievements. The traveller six hundred years ago would have found a similar spirit and confidence in the Principality of Catalonia, as the territory was then known: Catalan commerce held sway over the whole of the western Mediterranean and gave the principality a dominant voice in that commonwealth of eastern Spanish states known as the Crown of Aragon.1 A century later the power and splendour had vanished; commerce had shrunk to a shadow of its former self and Catalonia had become an outlying province of an expanding Castilian empire. Bloody consequences have time and again flowed from that humiliation—most memorably in the Catalan revolt of 1640,2 the War of the Spanish Succession, and the Civil War of 1936—and it rankles still in the Catalan psyche to this day.3
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