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When the Birmingham Six case was quashed, a Royal Commission was established with the object, among others, of seeking to ensure that miscarriages of justice would never occur again. This chapter reviews wrongful convictions which have occurred in the past. However, it also takes account of the recommendations made by the Royal Commission and shows how cases referred to the court by the Criminal Cases Review Commission (a body set up on the recommendation of the Royal Commission) had up to that time been dealt with by the courts. One cannot doubt that in the earlier centuries of criminal justice in Britain, many such injustices must have occurred: with private prosecutors, unrepresented defendants not permitted to testify on their own behalf, very short trials, sometimes inexpert judges, and summary penalties quickly executed, the scope for error must have been great.
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