
Contents
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11.1 Global Organization 11.1 Global Organization
-
11.1.1 Conceptual Archetypes 11.1.1 Conceptual Archetypes
-
11.1.2 Coding 11.1.2 Coding
-
11.1.3 Levels of Clausal Structure 11.1.3 Levels of Clausal Structure
-
-
11.2 Subject and Object 11.2 Subject and Object
-
11.2.1 Basic Issues 11.2.1 Basic Issues
-
11.2.2 Agent Orientation 11.2.2 Agent Orientation
-
11.2.3 Theme Orientation 11.2.3 Theme Orientation
-
11.2.4 Competing Strategies 11.2.4 Competing Strategies
-
11.2.5 Universality 11.2.5 Universality
-
-
11.3 Clause Types 11.3 Clause Types
-
11.3.1 Voice 11.3.1 Voice
-
11.3.2 Nonparticipant Subjects 11.3.2 Nonparticipant Subjects
-
11.3.3 Objects 11.3.3 Objects
-
11.3.4 Thematic Processes 11.3.4 Thematic Processes
-
-
11.4 Complex Verbs 11.4 Complex Verbs
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11 11 Clause Structure
Get access-
Published:February 2008
Cite
Abstract
A full clause profiles a grounded instance of a process type. Conceptual archetypes function as the prototypical values of basic clause types and clausal elements. Languages naturally differ in their implementation of this general characterization, and within a language clauses are varied and complex. Subject and object are defined schematically as trajector and landmark, i.e. primary and secondary focal participant. In most languages a particular semantic role represents the typical choice of trajector: either agent or theme (a patient-like participant). Each is the starting point along a natural path: the path of energy flow in the case of agent, and a path based on conceptual autonomy in the case of theme. In varied proportions and for different grammatical phenomena, every language makes some use of these two basic strategies. This is the basis for nominative/accusative, ergative/absolutive, and agent/patient organization. It can be argued that subject is a grammatical universal when defined abstractly in terms of primary focal prominence. In addition to the most typical clausal organization, every language offers a variety of alternatives for special purposes. Voice alternations (such as active, passive, and middle) pertain to the semantic role of the participant focused as trajector. The trajector can also be a non-participant, e.g. a setting or location. There is comparable variation in the choice of landmark, resulting in different kinds of objects. In agent-oriented languages, clauses which choose the theme as trajector represent an important secondary option. The verb of a clause is often complex. In addition to incorporating nominal or adverbial elements, the verb can exhibit layers of morphological derivation, be a phrase instead of a single word, or even consist in a series of verb-like elements.
Sign in
Personal account
- Sign in with email/username & password
- Get email alerts
- Save searches
- Purchase content
- Activate your purchase/trial code
- Add your ORCID iD
Purchase
Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.
Purchasing informationMonth: | Total Views: |
---|---|
October 2022 | 6 |
November 2022 | 3 |
December 2022 | 6 |
January 2023 | 2 |
February 2023 | 7 |
March 2023 | 5 |
April 2023 | 3 |
May 2023 | 6 |
June 2023 | 4 |
July 2023 | 2 |
August 2023 | 2 |
September 2023 | 1 |
October 2023 | 5 |
November 2023 | 11 |
December 2023 | 13 |
January 2024 | 17 |
February 2024 | 13 |
March 2024 | 6 |
April 2024 | 9 |
May 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 8 |
July 2024 | 1 |
August 2024 | 6 |
September 2024 | 5 |
October 2024 | 1 |
November 2024 | 10 |
December 2024 | 15 |
January 2025 | 12 |
February 2025 | 12 |
March 2025 | 6 |
Get help with access
Institutional access
Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:
IP based access
Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Sign in through your institution
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Sign in with a library card
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
Society Members
Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:
Sign in through society site
Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
Sign in using a personal account
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.
Personal account
A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Viewing your signed in accounts
Click the account icon in the top right to:
Signed in but can't access content
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
Institutional account management
For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.